--- title: "Excel Formulas" slug: "excel-formulas" updated: 2025-09-25T19:10:49Z published: 2025-09-25T19:10:49Z canonical: "docs.unqork.io/excel-formulas" --- > ## Documentation Index > Fetch the complete documentation index at: https://docs.unqork.io/llms.txt > Use this file to discover all available pages before exploring further. # Excel Formulas Unqork logic components let you use formulas in your configuration. [Components](/v1/docs/module-builder-component-library) that support formulas are the [Calculator](/v1/docs/calculator-component), [Initializer](/v1/docs/initializer-component), and [Data Workflow](/v1/docs/data-workflow-component) components. You can enter formulas into the Output table of the Calculator and Initializer components. Using formulas in the Data Workflow operator depends on the operators you configure. For example, the [Formula](/v1/docs/formula-operator) operator supports formula configuration. > [!NOTE] > If the formula used produces an error in Microsoft Excel, it will also return an error in Unqork. For more information on valid Microsoft Excel formulas, visit the `Are you seeing a pound (#) error?` section in [Microsoft's How to avoid broken formulas](https://support.microsoft.com/en-gb/office/how-to-avoid-broken-formulas-8309381d-33e8-42f6-b889-84ef6df1d586) [![](https://cdn.us.document360.io/15548f06-2fba-434c-b0c1-5df88317dbd7/Images/Documentation/link_teal(2).png?sv=2026-02-06&spr=https&st=2026-11-07T17%3A57%3A42Z&se=2026-11-07T18%3A57%3A42Z&sr=c&sp=r&sig=iN9G2rh8Hpx9rtQEo5ThQLF6%2FhP5VTMZwmkAxohoFvI%3D)](https://support.microsoft.com/en-gb/office/how-to-avoid-broken-formulas-8309381d-33e8-42f6-b889-84ef6df1d586) support article. Below is an extensive list of all supported Excel formulas in Unqork. ## A | Formula | Description | Syntax | Reference | | --- | --- | --- | --- | | ABS | Returns the absolute value of a number. | **ABS**(number) | ![](https://cdn.us.document360.io/15548f06-2fba-434c-b0c1-5df88317dbd7/Images/Documentation/link_out_icon(3).png?sv=2026-02-06&spr=https&st=2026-11-07T17%3A57%3A42Z&se=2026-11-07T18%3A57%3A42Z&sr=c&sp=r&sig=iN9G2rh8Hpx9rtQEo5ThQLF6%2FhP5VTMZwmkAxohoFvI%3D) [ABS](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/abs-function-3420200f-5628-4e8c-99da-c99d7c87713c) | | ACCRINT | Calculates accrued interest for a security that pays periodic interest. | **ACCRINT**(issue, first_interest, settlement, rate, par, frequency, [basis]) | ![](https://cdn.us.document360.io/15548f06-2fba-434c-b0c1-5df88317dbd7/Images/Documentation/link_out_icon(3).png?sv=2026-02-06&spr=https&st=2026-11-07T17%3A57%3A42Z&se=2026-11-07T18%3A57%3A42Z&sr=c&sp=r&sig=iN9G2rh8Hpx9rtQEo5ThQLF6%2FhP5VTMZwmkAxohoFvI%3D) [ACCRINT](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/accrint-function-fe45d089-6722-4fb3-9379-e1f911d8dc74) | | ACOS | Returns the arccosine of a number or angle of a cosign. | **ACOS**(number) | ![](https://cdn.us.document360.io/15548f06-2fba-434c-b0c1-5df88317dbd7/Images/Documentation/link_out_icon(3).png?sv=2026-02-06&spr=https&st=2026-11-07T17%3A57%3A42Z&se=2026-11-07T18%3A57%3A42Z&sr=c&sp=r&sig=iN9G2rh8Hpx9rtQEo5ThQLF6%2FhP5VTMZwmkAxohoFvI%3D) [ACOS](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/acos-function-cb73173f-d089-4582-afa1-76e5524b5d5b) | | ACOSH | Returns the inverse hyperbolic cosine of a number. | **ACOSH**(number) | ![](https://cdn.us.document360.io/15548f06-2fba-434c-b0c1-5df88317dbd7/Images/Documentation/link_out_icon(3).png?sv=2026-02-06&spr=https&st=2026-11-07T17%3A57%3A42Z&se=2026-11-07T18%3A57%3A42Z&sr=c&sp=r&sig=iN9G2rh8Hpx9rtQEo5ThQLF6%2FhP5VTMZwmkAxohoFvI%3D) [ACOSH](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/acosh-function-e3992cc1-103f-4e72-9f04-624b9ef5ebfe) | | ACOT | Returns the arccotangent or arc cotangent of a number. This is the angle, measured in radians, that has a cotangent equal to the given number. | **ACOT**(number) | ![](https://cdn.us.document360.io/15548f06-2fba-434c-b0c1-5df88317dbd7/Images/Documentation/link_out_icon(3).png?sv=2026-02-06&spr=https&st=2026-11-07T17%3A57%3A42Z&se=2026-11-07T18%3A57%3A42Z&sr=c&sp=r&sig=iN9G2rh8Hpx9rtQEo5ThQLF6%2FhP5VTMZwmkAxohoFvI%3D) [ACOT](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/acot-function-dc7e5008-fe6b-402e-bdd6-2eea8383d905) | | ACOTH | Returns the inverse hyperbolic arccotangent of a number. | **ACOTH**(number) | ![](https://cdn.us.document360.io/15548f06-2fba-434c-b0c1-5df88317dbd7/Images/Documentation/link_out_icon(3).png?sv=2026-02-06&spr=https&st=2026-11-07T17%3A57%3A42Z&se=2026-11-07T18%3A57%3A42Z&sr=c&sp=r&sig=iN9G2rh8Hpx9rtQEo5ThQLF6%2FhP5VTMZwmkAxohoFvI%3D) [ACOTH](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/acoth-function-cc49480f-f684-4171-9fc5-73e4e852300f) | | AGGREGATE | Group multiple values in a list or database into a single value. | **AGGREGATE**(function_num, options, ref1, [ref2], …) | ![](https://cdn.us.document360.io/15548f06-2fba-434c-b0c1-5df88317dbd7/Images/Documentation/link_out_icon(3).png?sv=2026-02-06&spr=https&st=2026-11-07T17%3A57%3A42Z&se=2026-11-07T18%3A57%3A42Z&sr=c&sp=r&sig=iN9G2rh8Hpx9rtQEo5ThQLF6%2FhP5VTMZwmkAxohoFvI%3D) [AGGREGATE](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/aggregate-function-43b9278e-6aa7-4f17-92b6-e19993fa26df) | | AND | Used to determine whether all conditions are true. | **AND**(logical1, [logical2], ...) | ![](https://cdn.us.document360.io/15548f06-2fba-434c-b0c1-5df88317dbd7/Images/Documentation/link_out_icon(3).png?sv=2026-02-06&spr=https&st=2026-11-07T17%3A57%3A42Z&se=2026-11-07T18%3A57%3A42Z&sr=c&sp=r&sig=iN9G2rh8Hpx9rtQEo5ThQLF6%2FhP5VTMZwmkAxohoFvI%3D) [AND](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/and-function-5f19b2e8-e1df-4408-897a-ce285a19e9d9) | | ARABIC | Converts Roman numbers to Arabic numbers (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9). | **ARABIC**(text) | ![](https://cdn.us.document360.io/15548f06-2fba-434c-b0c1-5df88317dbd7/Images/Documentation/link_out_icon(3).png?sv=2026-02-06&spr=https&st=2026-11-07T17%3A57%3A42Z&se=2026-11-07T18%3A57%3A42Z&sr=c&sp=r&sig=iN9G2rh8Hpx9rtQEo5ThQLF6%2FhP5VTMZwmkAxohoFvI%3D) [ARABIC](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/arabic-function-9a8da418-c17b-4ef9-a657-9370a30a674f) | | ASIN | Returns the arcsine of a number. | **ASIN**(number) | ![](https://cdn.us.document360.io/15548f06-2fba-434c-b0c1-5df88317dbd7/Images/Documentation/link_out_icon(3).png?sv=2026-02-06&spr=https&st=2026-11-07T17%3A57%3A42Z&se=2026-11-07T18%3A57%3A42Z&sr=c&sp=r&sig=iN9G2rh8Hpx9rtQEo5ThQLF6%2FhP5VTMZwmkAxohoFvI%3D) [ASIN](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/asin-function-81fb95e5-6d6f-48c4-bc45-58f955c6d347) | | ASINH | Returns the inverse hyperbolic sine of a number. | **ASINH**(number) | ![](https://cdn.us.document360.io/15548f06-2fba-434c-b0c1-5df88317dbd7/Images/Documentation/link_out_icon(3).png?sv=2026-02-06&spr=https&st=2026-11-07T17%3A57%3A42Z&se=2026-11-07T18%3A57%3A42Z&sr=c&sp=r&sig=iN9G2rh8Hpx9rtQEo5ThQLF6%2FhP5VTMZwmkAxohoFvI%3D) [ASINH](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/asinh-function-4e00475a-067a-43cf-926a-765b0249717c) | | ATAN | Returns the arctangent of a number. | **ATAN**(number) | ![](https://cdn.us.document360.io/15548f06-2fba-434c-b0c1-5df88317dbd7/Images/Documentation/link_out_icon(3).png?sv=2026-02-06&spr=https&st=2026-11-07T17%3A57%3A42Z&se=2026-11-07T18%3A57%3A42Z&sr=c&sp=r&sig=iN9G2rh8Hpx9rtQEo5ThQLF6%2FhP5VTMZwmkAxohoFvI%3D) [ATAN](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/atan-function-50746fa8-630a-406b-81d0-4a2aed395543) | | ATAN2 | Returns the arctangent from x and y-coordinates. | **ATAN2**(x_num, y_num) | ![](https://cdn.us.document360.io/15548f06-2fba-434c-b0c1-5df88317dbd7/Images/Documentation/link_out_icon(3).png?sv=2026-02-06&spr=https&st=2026-11-07T17%3A57%3A42Z&se=2026-11-07T18%3A57%3A42Z&sr=c&sp=r&sig=iN9G2rh8Hpx9rtQEo5ThQLF6%2FhP5VTMZwmkAxohoFvI%3D) [ATAN2](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/atan2-function-c04592ab-b9e3-4908-b428-c96b3a565033) | | ATANH | Calculates the inverse hyperbolic tangent of a number. | **ATANH**(number) | ![](https://cdn.us.document360.io/15548f06-2fba-434c-b0c1-5df88317dbd7/Images/Documentation/link_out_icon(3).png?sv=2026-02-06&spr=https&st=2026-11-07T17%3A57%3A42Z&se=2026-11-07T18%3A57%3A42Z&sr=c&sp=r&sig=iN9G2rh8Hpx9rtQEo5ThQLF6%2FhP5VTMZwmkAxohoFvI%3D) [ATANH](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/atanh-function-3cd65768-0de7-4f1d-b312-d01c8c930d90) | | AVEDEV | Returns the average deviation of a set of values. | **AVEDEV**(number1, [number2], ...) | ![](https://cdn.us.document360.io/15548f06-2fba-434c-b0c1-5df88317dbd7/Images/Documentation/link_out_icon(3).png?sv=2026-02-06&spr=https&st=2026-11-07T17%3A57%3A42Z&se=2026-11-07T18%3A57%3A42Z&sr=c&sp=r&sig=iN9G2rh8Hpx9rtQEo5ThQLF6%2FhP5VTMZwmkAxohoFvI%3D) [AVEDEV](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/avedev-function-58fe8d65-2a84-4dc7-8052-f3f87b5c6639) | | AVERAGE | Returns the arithmetic mean of the numbers provided. | **AVERAGE**(number1, [number2], ...) | ![](https://cdn.us.document360.io/15548f06-2fba-434c-b0c1-5df88317dbd7/Images/Documentation/link_out_icon(3).png?sv=2026-02-06&spr=https&st=2026-11-07T17%3A57%3A42Z&se=2026-11-07T18%3A57%3A42Z&sr=c&sp=r&sig=iN9G2rh8Hpx9rtQEo5ThQLF6%2FhP5VTMZwmkAxohoFvI%3D) [AVERAGE](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/average-function-047bac88-d466-426c-a32b-8f33eb960cf6) | | AVERAGEA | Returns the arithmetic mean of the numbers, text, and logical values provided. | **AVERAGEA**(value1, [value2], ...) | ![](https://cdn.us.document360.io/15548f06-2fba-434c-b0c1-5df88317dbd7/Images/Documentation/link_out_icon(3).png?sv=2026-02-06&spr=https&st=2026-11-07T17%3A57%3A42Z&se=2026-11-07T18%3A57%3A42Z&sr=c&sp=r&sig=iN9G2rh8Hpx9rtQEo5ThQLF6%2FhP5VTMZwmkAxohoFvI%3D) [AVERAGEA](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/averagea-function-f5f84098-d453-4f4c-bbba-3d2c66356091) | | AVERAGEIF | Returns the arithmetic mean of the cells in a range that meet a given criteria. | **AVERAGEIF**(range, criteria, [average_range]) | ![](https://cdn.us.document360.io/15548f06-2fba-434c-b0c1-5df88317dbd7/Images/Documentation/link_out_icon(3).png?sv=2026-02-06&spr=https&st=2026-11-07T17%3A57%3A42Z&se=2026-11-07T18%3A57%3A42Z&sr=c&sp=r&sig=iN9G2rh8Hpx9rtQEo5ThQLF6%2FhP5VTMZwmkAxohoFvI%3D)[AVERAGEIF](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/averageif-function-faec8e2e-0dec-4308-af69-f5576d8ac642) | | AVERAGEIFS | Returns the arithmetic mean of the cells in a range that meet a given criteria. | **AVERAGEIFS**(average_range, criteria_range1, criteria1, [criteria_range2, criteria2], ...) | ![](https://cdn.us.document360.io/15548f06-2fba-434c-b0c1-5df88317dbd7/Images/Documentation/link_out_icon(3).png?sv=2026-02-06&spr=https&st=2026-11-07T17%3A57%3A42Z&se=2026-11-07T18%3A57%3A42Z&sr=c&sp=r&sig=iN9G2rh8Hpx9rtQEo5ThQLF6%2FhP5VTMZwmkAxohoFvI%3D)[AVERAGEIFS](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/averageifs-function-48910c45-1fc0-4389-a028-f7c5c3001690) | ## B | Formula | Description | Syntax | Reference | | --- | --- | --- | --- | | BASE | Returns a text representation by converting a number into a supplied base (radix). | **BASE**(number, radix, [min_length]) | ![](https://cdn.us.document360.io/15548f06-2fba-434c-b0c1-5df88317dbd7/Images/Documentation/link_out_icon(3).png?sv=2026-02-06&spr=https&st=2026-11-07T17%3A57%3A42Z&se=2026-11-07T18%3A57%3A42Z&sr=c&sp=r&sig=iN9G2rh8Hpx9rtQEo5ThQLF6%2FhP5VTMZwmkAxohoFvI%3D) [BASE](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/base-function-2ef61411-aee9-4f29-a811-1c42456c6342) | | BESSELI | Returns the modified Bessel function In(x). | **BESSELI**(x, n) | ![](https://cdn.us.document360.io/15548f06-2fba-434c-b0c1-5df88317dbd7/Images/Documentation/link_out_icon(3).png?sv=2026-02-06&spr=https&st=2026-11-07T17%3A57%3A42Z&se=2026-11-07T18%3A57%3A42Z&sr=c&sp=r&sig=iN9G2rh8Hpx9rtQEo5ThQLF6%2FhP5VTMZwmkAxohoFvI%3D) [BESSELI](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/besseli-function-8d33855c-9a8d-444b-98e0-852267b1c0df) | | BESSELJ | Returns the Bessel function Jn(x). | **BESSELJ**(x, n) | ![](https://cdn.us.document360.io/15548f06-2fba-434c-b0c1-5df88317dbd7/Images/Documentation/link_out_icon(3).png?sv=2026-02-06&spr=https&st=2026-11-07T17%3A57%3A42Z&se=2026-11-07T18%3A57%3A42Z&sr=c&sp=r&sig=iN9G2rh8Hpx9rtQEo5ThQLF6%2FhP5VTMZwmkAxohoFvI%3D) [BESSELJ](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/besselj-function-839cb181-48de-408b-9d80-bd02982d94f7) | | BESSELK | Returns the modified Bessel function Kn(x). | **BESSELK**(x, n) | ![](https://cdn.us.document360.io/15548f06-2fba-434c-b0c1-5df88317dbd7/Images/Documentation/link_out_icon(3).png?sv=2026-02-06&spr=https&st=2026-11-07T17%3A57%3A42Z&se=2026-11-07T18%3A57%3A42Z&sr=c&sp=r&sig=iN9G2rh8Hpx9rtQEo5ThQLF6%2FhP5VTMZwmkAxohoFvI%3D) [BESSELK](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/besselk-function-606d11bc-06d3-4d53-9ecb-2803e2b90b70) | | BESSELY | Returns the Bessel function Yn(x). | **BESSELY**(x, n) | ![](https://cdn.us.document360.io/15548f06-2fba-434c-b0c1-5df88317dbd7/Images/Documentation/link_out_icon(3).png?sv=2026-02-06&spr=https&st=2026-11-07T17%3A57%3A42Z&se=2026-11-07T18%3A57%3A42Z&sr=c&sp=r&sig=iN9G2rh8Hpx9rtQEo5ThQLF6%2FhP5VTMZwmkAxohoFvI%3D) [BESSELY](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/bessely-function-f3a356b3-da89-42c3-8974-2da54d6353a2) | | BETA.DIST | Returns the beta cumulative distribution function. Used when studying variation in the percentage of a value across samples. | **BETA.DIST**(x, alpha, beta, cumulative, [A], [B]) | ![](https://cdn.us.document360.io/15548f06-2fba-434c-b0c1-5df88317dbd7/Images/Documentation/link_out_icon(3).png?sv=2026-02-06&spr=https&st=2026-11-07T17%3A57%3A42Z&se=2026-11-07T18%3A57%3A42Z&sr=c&sp=r&sig=iN9G2rh8Hpx9rtQEo5ThQLF6%2FhP5VTMZwmkAxohoFvI%3D) [BETA.DIST](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/beta-dist-function-11188c9c-780a-42c7-ba43-9ecb5a878d31) | | BETA.INV | Returns the inverse of the beta cumulative distribution function. Used when studying variation in the percentage of a value across samples. | **BETA.INV**(probability, alpha, beta, [A], [B]) | ![](https://cdn.us.document360.io/15548f06-2fba-434c-b0c1-5df88317dbd7/Images/Documentation/link_out_icon(3).png?sv=2026-02-06&spr=https&st=2026-11-07T17%3A57%3A42Z&se=2026-11-07T18%3A57%3A42Z&sr=c&sp=r&sig=iN9G2rh8Hpx9rtQEo5ThQLF6%2FhP5VTMZwmkAxohoFvI%3D) [BETA.INV](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/beta-inv-function-e84cb8aa-8df0-4cf6-9892-83a341d252eb) | | BETADIST | Returns the beta cumulative distribution function. Used when studying variation in the percentage of a value across samples. | **BETADIST**(x, alpha, beta, cumulative, [A], [B]) | ![](https://cdn.us.document360.io/15548f06-2fba-434c-b0c1-5df88317dbd7/Images/Documentation/link_out_icon(3).png?sv=2026-02-06&spr=https&st=2026-11-07T17%3A57%3A42Z&se=2026-11-07T18%3A57%3A42Z&sr=c&sp=r&sig=iN9G2rh8Hpx9rtQEo5ThQLF6%2FhP5VTMZwmkAxohoFvI%3D) [BETADIST](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/betadist-function-49f1b9a9-a5da-470f-8077-5f1730b5fd47) | | BETAINV | Returns the inverse of the beta cumulative distribution function. Used when studying variation in the percentage of a value across samples. | **BETAINV**(probability, alpha, beta, [A], [B]) | ![](https://cdn.us.document360.io/15548f06-2fba-434c-b0c1-5df88317dbd7/Images/Documentation/link_out_icon(3).png?sv=2026-02-06&spr=https&st=2026-11-07T17%3A57%3A42Z&se=2026-11-07T18%3A57%3A42Z&sr=c&sp=r&sig=iN9G2rh8Hpx9rtQEo5ThQLF6%2FhP5VTMZwmkAxohoFvI%3D) [BETAINV](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/betainv-function-8b914ade-b902-43c1-ac9c-c05c54f10d6c) | | BIN2DEC | Converts a binary number to decimal. | **BIN2DEC**(number) | ![](https://cdn.us.document360.io/15548f06-2fba-434c-b0c1-5df88317dbd7/Images/Documentation/link_out_icon(3).png?sv=2026-02-06&spr=https&st=2026-11-07T17%3A57%3A42Z&se=2026-11-07T18%3A57%3A42Z&sr=c&sp=r&sig=iN9G2rh8Hpx9rtQEo5ThQLF6%2FhP5VTMZwmkAxohoFvI%3D) [BIN2DEC](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/bin2dec-function-63905b57-b3a0-453d-99f4-647bb519cd6c) | | BIN2HEX | Converts a binary number to hexadecimal. | **BIN2HEX**(number, [places]) | ![](https://cdn.us.document360.io/15548f06-2fba-434c-b0c1-5df88317dbd7/Images/Documentation/link_out_icon(3).png?sv=2026-02-06&spr=https&st=2026-11-07T17%3A57%3A42Z&se=2026-11-07T18%3A57%3A42Z&sr=c&sp=r&sig=iN9G2rh8Hpx9rtQEo5ThQLF6%2FhP5VTMZwmkAxohoFvI%3D) [BIN2HEX](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/bin2hex-function-0375e507-f5e5-4077-9af8-28d84f9f41cc) | | BIN2OCT | Converts a binary number to octal. | **BIN2OCT**(number, [places]) | ![](https://cdn.us.document360.io/15548f06-2fba-434c-b0c1-5df88317dbd7/Images/Documentation/link_out_icon(3).png?sv=2026-02-06&spr=https&st=2026-11-07T17%3A57%3A42Z&se=2026-11-07T18%3A57%3A42Z&sr=c&sp=r&sig=iN9G2rh8Hpx9rtQEo5ThQLF6%2FhP5VTMZwmkAxohoFvI%3D) [BIN2OCT](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/bin2oct-function-0a4e01ba-ac8d-4158-9b29-16c25c4c23fd) | | BINOM.DIST | Returns the individual term binomial distribution probability. Use this function when the outcomes of a test are **success** or **failure**. | **BINOM.DIST**(number_s, trials, probability_s, cumulative) | ![](https://cdn.us.document360.io/15548f06-2fba-434c-b0c1-5df88317dbd7/Images/Documentation/link_out_icon(3).png?sv=2026-02-06&spr=https&st=2026-11-07T17%3A57%3A42Z&se=2026-11-07T18%3A57%3A42Z&sr=c&sp=r&sig=iN9G2rh8Hpx9rtQEo5ThQLF6%2FhP5VTMZwmkAxohoFvI%3D) [BINOM.DIST](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/binom-dist-function-c5ae37b6-f39c-4be2-94c2-509a1480770c) | | BINOM.DIST.RANGE | Returns the individual term binomial distribution probability. Use this function when the outcomes of a test are **success** or **failure**. | **BINOM.DIST.RANGE**(trials, probability_s, number_s, [number_s2]) | ![](https://cdn.us.document360.io/15548f06-2fba-434c-b0c1-5df88317dbd7/Images/Documentation/link_out_icon(3).png?sv=2026-02-06&spr=https&st=2026-11-07T17%3A57%3A42Z&se=2026-11-07T18%3A57%3A42Z&sr=c&sp=r&sig=iN9G2rh8Hpx9rtQEo5ThQLF6%2FhP5VTMZwmkAxohoFvI%3D) [BINOM.DIST.RANGE](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/binom-dist-range-function-17331329-74c7-4053-bb4c-6653a7421595) | | BINOM.INV | Returns the smallest number of successes where the binomial distribution is less than or equal to a particular value. The result shows the probability of a specific number of successes from a specific number of tests. | **BINOM.INV**(trials, probability_s, alpha) | ![](https://cdn.us.document360.io/15548f06-2fba-434c-b0c1-5df88317dbd7/Images/Documentation/link_out_icon(3).png?sv=2026-02-06&spr=https&st=2026-11-07T17%3A57%3A42Z&se=2026-11-07T18%3A57%3A42Z&sr=c&sp=r&sig=iN9G2rh8Hpx9rtQEo5ThQLF6%2FhP5VTMZwmkAxohoFvI%3D) [BINOM.INV](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/binom-inv-function-80a0370c-ada6-49b4-83e7-05a91ba77ac9) | | BINOMDIST | Calculates the probability of getting less than or equal to a particular value in a binomial distribution. | **BINOMDIST**(number_s, trials, probability_s, cumulative) | ![](https://cdn.us.document360.io/15548f06-2fba-434c-b0c1-5df88317dbd7/Images/Documentation/link_out_icon(3).png?sv=2026-02-06&spr=https&st=2026-11-07T17%3A57%3A42Z&se=2026-11-07T18%3A57%3A42Z&sr=c&sp=r&sig=iN9G2rh8Hpx9rtQEo5ThQLF6%2FhP5VTMZwmkAxohoFvI%3D) [BINOMDIST](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/binomdist-function-506a663e-c4ca-428d-b9a8-05583d68789c) | | BITAND | Returns a decimal number representing the **Bitwise AND** of two numbers. | **BITAND**(number1, number2) | ![](https://cdn.us.document360.io/15548f06-2fba-434c-b0c1-5df88317dbd7/Images/Documentation/link_out_icon(3).png?sv=2026-02-06&spr=https&st=2026-11-07T17%3A57%3A42Z&se=2026-11-07T18%3A57%3A42Z&sr=c&sp=r&sig=iN9G2rh8Hpx9rtQEo5ThQLF6%2FhP5VTMZwmkAxohoFvI%3D) [BITAND](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/bitand-function-8a2be3d7-91c3-4b48-9517-64548008563a) | | BITLSHIFT | Returns a value number shifted left by the number of bits specified. | **BITLSHIFT**(number, shift_amount) | ![](https://cdn.us.document360.io/15548f06-2fba-434c-b0c1-5df88317dbd7/Images/Documentation/link_out_icon(3).png?sv=2026-02-06&spr=https&st=2026-11-07T17%3A57%3A42Z&se=2026-11-07T18%3A57%3A42Z&sr=c&sp=r&sig=iN9G2rh8Hpx9rtQEo5ThQLF6%2FhP5VTMZwmkAxohoFvI%3D) [BITLSHIFT](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/bitlshift-function-c55bb27e-cacd-4c7c-b258-d80861a03c9c) | | BITOR | Returns a decimal number representing the **Bitwise OR** of two numbers. | **BITOR**(number1, number2) | ![](https://cdn.us.document360.io/15548f06-2fba-434c-b0c1-5df88317dbd7/Images/Documentation/link_out_icon(3).png?sv=2026-02-06&spr=https&st=2026-11-07T17%3A57%3A42Z&se=2026-11-07T18%3A57%3A42Z&sr=c&sp=r&sig=iN9G2rh8Hpx9rtQEo5ThQLF6%2FhP5VTMZwmkAxohoFvI%3D) [BITOR](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/bitor-function-f6ead5c8-5b98-4c9e-9053-8ad5234919b2) | | BITRSHIFT | Returns a value number shifted right by the number of bits specified. | **BITRSHIFT**(number, shift_amount) | ![](https://cdn.us.document360.io/15548f06-2fba-434c-b0c1-5df88317dbd7/Images/Documentation/link_out_icon(3).png?sv=2026-02-06&spr=https&st=2026-11-07T17%3A57%3A42Z&se=2026-11-07T18%3A57%3A42Z&sr=c&sp=r&sig=iN9G2rh8Hpx9rtQEo5ThQLF6%2FhP5VTMZwmkAxohoFvI%3D) [BITRSHIFT](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/bitrshift-function-274d6996-f42c-4743-abdb-4ff95351222c) | | BITXOR | Returns a decimal number based on the comparison of two numbers. This number represents the **Exclusive Or** of two numbers. If both digits at each position are not equal, it returns a 1 for that position. If both digits at each position are equal, it returns a 0 for that position. | **BITXOR**(number1, number2) | ![](https://cdn.us.document360.io/15548f06-2fba-434c-b0c1-5df88317dbd7/Images/Documentation/link_out_icon(3).png?sv=2026-02-06&spr=https&st=2026-11-07T17%3A57%3A42Z&se=2026-11-07T18%3A57%3A42Z&sr=c&sp=r&sig=iN9G2rh8Hpx9rtQEo5ThQLF6%2FhP5VTMZwmkAxohoFvI%3D) [BITXOR](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/bitxor-function-c81306a1-03f9-4e89-85ac-b86c3cba10e4) | ## C | [A](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#A) | [B](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#B) | [C](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#C) | [D](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#D) | [E](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#E) | [F](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#F) | [G](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#G) | [H](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#H) | [I](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#I) | J | [K](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#K-L) | [L](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#K-L) | [M](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#M) | [N](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#N-O) | [O](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#N-O) | [P](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#P) | [Q](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#Q-R) | [R](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#Q-R) | [S](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#S) | [T](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#T) | [U](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#U-V) | [V](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#U-V) | [W](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#W-Y) | [X](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#W-Y) | [Y](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#W-Y) | Z | Formula | Description | Syntax | Reference | | --- | --- | --- | --- | | CEILING | Rounds a real number to the nearest integer greater than or equal to the real number. | **CEILING**(number, [significance], [mode]) | ![](https://cdn.us.document360.io/15548f06-2fba-434c-b0c1-5df88317dbd7/Images/Documentation/link_out_icon(3).png?sv=2026-02-06&spr=https&st=2026-11-07T17%3A57%3A42Z&se=2026-11-07T18%3A57%3A42Z&sr=c&sp=r&sig=iN9G2rh8Hpx9rtQEo5ThQLF6%2FhP5VTMZwmkAxohoFvI%3D) [CEILING](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/ceiling-function-0a5cd7c8-0720-4f0a-bd2c-c943e510899f) | | CEILINGMATH | Rounds a real number to the nearest integer greater than or equal to the real number. | **CEILINGMATH**(number, [significance], [mode]) | ![](https://cdn.us.document360.io/15548f06-2fba-434c-b0c1-5df88317dbd7/Images/Documentation/link_out_icon(3).png?sv=2026-02-06&spr=https&st=2026-11-07T17%3A57%3A42Z&se=2026-11-07T18%3A57%3A42Z&sr=c&sp=r&sig=iN9G2rh8Hpx9rtQEo5ThQLF6%2FhP5VTMZwmkAxohoFvI%3D) [CEILINGMATH](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/ceiling-math-function-80f95d2f-b499-4eee-9f16-f795a8e306c8) | | CEILING.PRECISE | Rounds a real number to the nearest integer greater than or equal to the real number. Rounding happens regardless of the sign of the number. | **CEILING.PRECISE**(number, [significance]) | ![](https://cdn.us.document360.io/15548f06-2fba-434c-b0c1-5df88317dbd7/Images/Documentation/link_out_icon(3).png?sv=2026-02-06&spr=https&st=2026-11-07T17%3A57%3A42Z&se=2026-11-07T18%3A57%3A42Z&sr=c&sp=r&sig=iN9G2rh8Hpx9rtQEo5ThQLF6%2FhP5VTMZwmkAxohoFvI%3D) [CEILING.PRECISE](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/ceiling-precise-function-f366a774-527a-4c92-ba49-af0a196e66cb) | | CHAR | Returns a character specified by the code number. For example, **CHAR(10)** returns a line break on Windows and **CHAR(13)** returns a line break on the Mac. | **CHAR**(number) | ![](https://cdn.us.document360.io/15548f06-2fba-434c-b0c1-5df88317dbd7/Images/Documentation/link_out_icon(3).png?sv=2026-02-06&spr=https&st=2026-11-07T17%3A57%3A42Z&se=2026-11-07T18%3A57%3A42Z&sr=c&sp=r&sig=iN9G2rh8Hpx9rtQEo5ThQLF6%2FhP5VTMZwmkAxohoFvI%3D) [CHAR](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/char-function-bbd249c8-b36e-4a91-8017-1c133f9b837a) | | CHISQ.DIST | Calculates the chi-squared distribution, showing the variation in the percentage across samples. | **CHISQ.DIST**(x, deg_freedom, cumulative) | ![](https://cdn.us.document360.io/15548f06-2fba-434c-b0c1-5df88317dbd7/Images/Documentation/link_out_icon(3).png?sv=2026-02-06&spr=https&st=2026-11-07T17%3A57%3A42Z&se=2026-11-07T18%3A57%3A42Z&sr=c&sp=r&sig=iN9G2rh8Hpx9rtQEo5ThQLF6%2FhP5VTMZwmkAxohoFvI%3D) [CHISQ.DIST](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/chisq-dist-function-8486b05e-5c05-4942-a9ea-f6b341518732) | | CHISQ.DIST.RT | Calculates the right-tailed or upper probability of the chi-squared distribution. Used when coming and observing expected values. | **CHISQ.DIST.RT**(x, deg_freedom) | ![](https://cdn.us.document360.io/15548f06-2fba-434c-b0c1-5df88317dbd7/Images/Documentation/link_out_icon(3).png?sv=2026-02-06&spr=https&st=2026-11-07T17%3A57%3A42Z&se=2026-11-07T18%3A57%3A42Z&sr=c&sp=r&sig=iN9G2rh8Hpx9rtQEo5ThQLF6%2FhP5VTMZwmkAxohoFvI%3D) [CHISQ.DIST.RT](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/chisq-dist-rt-function-dc4832e8-ed2b-49ae-8d7c-b28d5804c0f2) | | CHISQ.INV | Returns the inverse of the one-tailed probability of the chi-squared distribution. | **CHISQ.INV**(probability, deg_freedom) | ![](https://cdn.us.document360.io/15548f06-2fba-434c-b0c1-5df88317dbd7/Images/Documentation/link_out_icon(3).png?sv=2026-02-06&spr=https&st=2026-11-07T17%3A57%3A42Z&se=2026-11-07T18%3A57%3A42Z&sr=c&sp=r&sig=iN9G2rh8Hpx9rtQEo5ThQLF6%2FhP5VTMZwmkAxohoFvI%3D) [CHISQ.INV](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/chisq-inv-function-400db556-62b3-472d-80b3-254723e7092f) | | CHISQ.INV.RT | Returns the inverse of the right-tailed probability of the chi-squared distribution. | **CHISQ.INV.RT**(probability, deg_freedom) | ![](https://cdn.us.document360.io/15548f06-2fba-434c-b0c1-5df88317dbd7/Images/Documentation/link_out_icon(3).png?sv=2026-02-06&spr=https&st=2026-11-07T17%3A57%3A42Z&se=2026-11-07T18%3A57%3A42Z&sr=c&sp=r&sig=iN9G2rh8Hpx9rtQEo5ThQLF6%2FhP5VTMZwmkAxohoFvI%3D) [CHISQ.INV.RT](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/chisq-inv-rt-function-435b5ed8-98d5-4da6-823f-293e2cbc94fe) | | CHOOSE | Returns a value from a list of values. | **CHOOSE**(index_num, value1, [value2], ...) | ![](https://cdn.us.document360.io/15548f06-2fba-434c-b0c1-5df88317dbd7/Images/Documentation/link_out_icon(3).png?sv=2026-02-06&spr=https&st=2026-11-07T17%3A57%3A42Z&se=2026-11-07T18%3A57%3A42Z&sr=c&sp=r&sig=iN9G2rh8Hpx9rtQEo5ThQLF6%2FhP5VTMZwmkAxohoFvI%3D) [CHOOSE](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/choose-function-fc5c184f-cb62-4ec7-a46e-38653b98f5bc) | | CLEAN | Returns text with all line breaks and non-printable characters removed. | **CLEAN**(text) | ![](https://cdn.us.document360.io/15548f06-2fba-434c-b0c1-5df88317dbd7/Images/Documentation/link_out_icon(3).png?sv=2026-02-06&spr=https&st=2026-11-07T17%3A57%3A42Z&se=2026-11-07T18%3A57%3A42Z&sr=c&sp=r&sig=iN9G2rh8Hpx9rtQEo5ThQLF6%2FhP5VTMZwmkAxohoFvI%3D) [CLEAN](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/clean-function-26f3d7c5-475f-4a9c-90e5-4b8ba987ba41) | | CODE | Returns a numeric code for a specified character in a text string. | **CODE**(text) | ![](https://cdn.us.document360.io/15548f06-2fba-434c-b0c1-5df88317dbd7/Images/Documentation/link_out_icon(3).png?sv=2026-02-06&spr=https&st=2026-11-07T17%3A57%3A42Z&se=2026-11-07T18%3A57%3A42Z&sr=c&sp=r&sig=iN9G2rh8Hpx9rtQEo5ThQLF6%2FhP5VTMZwmkAxohoFvI%3D) [CODE](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/code-function-c32b692b-2ed0-4a04-bdd9-75640144b928) | | COLUMN | Returns the column number of a reference. | **COLUMN**(array, index) | ![](https://cdn.us.document360.io/15548f06-2fba-434c-b0c1-5df88317dbd7/Images/Documentation/link_out_icon(3).png?sv=2026-02-06&spr=https&st=2026-11-07T17%3A57%3A42Z&se=2026-11-07T18%3A57%3A42Z&sr=c&sp=r&sig=iN9G2rh8Hpx9rtQEo5ThQLF6%2FhP5VTMZwmkAxohoFvI%3D) [COLUMN](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/column-function-44e8c754-711c-4df3-9da4-47a55042554b) | | COLUMNS | Returns the number of columns in a reference. | **COLUMNS**(array) | ![](https://cdn.us.document360.io/15548f06-2fba-434c-b0c1-5df88317dbd7/Images/Documentation/link_out_icon(3).png?sv=2026-02-06&spr=https&st=2026-11-07T17%3A57%3A42Z&se=2026-11-07T18%3A57%3A42Z&sr=c&sp=r&sig=iN9G2rh8Hpx9rtQEo5ThQLF6%2FhP5VTMZwmkAxohoFvI%3D) [COLUMNS](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/columns-function-4e8e7b4e-e603-43e8-b177-956088fa48ca) | | COMBIN | Returns the number of combinations for a set of objects. | **COMBIN**(number, number_chosen) | ![](https://cdn.us.document360.io/15548f06-2fba-434c-b0c1-5df88317dbd7/Images/Documentation/link_out_icon(3).png?sv=2026-02-06&spr=https&st=2026-11-07T17%3A57%3A42Z&se=2026-11-07T18%3A57%3A42Z&sr=c&sp=r&sig=iN9G2rh8Hpx9rtQEo5ThQLF6%2FhP5VTMZwmkAxohoFvI%3D) [COMBIN](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/combin-function-12a3f276-0a21-423a-8de6-06990aaf638a) | | COMBINA | Returns the number of combinations for a set of objects, including repetitions. | **COMBINA**(number, number_chosen) | ![](https://cdn.us.document360.io/15548f06-2fba-434c-b0c1-5df88317dbd7/Images/Documentation/link_out_icon(3).png?sv=2026-02-06&spr=https&st=2026-11-07T17%3A57%3A42Z&se=2026-11-07T18%3A57%3A42Z&sr=c&sp=r&sig=iN9G2rh8Hpx9rtQEo5ThQLF6%2FhP5VTMZwmkAxohoFvI%3D) [COMBINA](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/combina-function-efb49eaa-4f4c-4cd2-8179-0ddfcf9d035d) | | COMPLEX | Converts coefficients (real and imaginary) into a complex number. | **COMPLEX**(real_num, i_num, [suffix]) | ![](https://cdn.us.document360.io/15548f06-2fba-434c-b0c1-5df88317dbd7/Images/Documentation/link_out_icon(3).png?sv=2026-02-06&spr=https&st=2026-11-07T17%3A57%3A42Z&se=2026-11-07T18%3A57%3A42Z&sr=c&sp=r&sig=iN9G2rh8Hpx9rtQEo5ThQLF6%2FhP5VTMZwmkAxohoFvI%3D) [COMPLEX](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/complex-function-f0b8f3a9-51cc-4d6d-86fb-3a9362fa4128) | | CONCATENATE | Combines several text strings into one string. | **CONCATENATE**(text1, [text2], ...) | ![](https://cdn.us.document360.io/15548f06-2fba-434c-b0c1-5df88317dbd7/Images/Documentation/link_out_icon(3).png?sv=2026-02-06&spr=https&st=2026-11-07T17%3A57%3A42Z&se=2026-11-07T18%3A57%3A42Z&sr=c&sp=r&sig=iN9G2rh8Hpx9rtQEo5ThQLF6%2FhP5VTMZwmkAxohoFvI%3D) [CONCATENATE](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/concatenate-function-8f8ae884-2ca8-4f7a-b093-75d702bea31d) | | CONFIDENCE | Returns the confidence interval for a probability and sample size. | **CONFIDENCE**(alpha, standard_dev, size) | ![](https://cdn.us.document360.io/15548f06-2fba-434c-b0c1-5df88317dbd7/Images/Documentation/link_out_icon(3).png?sv=2026-02-06&spr=https&st=2026-11-07T17%3A57%3A42Z&se=2026-11-07T18%3A57%3A42Z&sr=c&sp=r&sig=iN9G2rh8Hpx9rtQEo5ThQLF6%2FhP5VTMZwmkAxohoFvI%3D) [CONFIDENCE](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/confidence-function-75ccc007-f77c-4343-bc14-673642091ad6) | | CONFIDENCE.NORM | Uses the normal distribution to return the confidence interval for a population mean. | **CONFIDENCE.NORM**(alpha, standard_dev, size) | ![](https://cdn.us.document360.io/15548f06-2fba-434c-b0c1-5df88317dbd7/Images/Documentation/link_out_icon(3).png?sv=2026-02-06&spr=https&st=2026-11-07T17%3A57%3A42Z&se=2026-11-07T18%3A57%3A42Z&sr=c&sp=r&sig=iN9G2rh8Hpx9rtQEo5ThQLF6%2FhP5VTMZwmkAxohoFvI%3D) [CONFIDENCE.NORM](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/confidence-norm-function-7cec58a6-85bb-488d-91c3-63828d4fbfd4) | | CONFIDENCE.T | Uses a student's t-distribution to return the confidence interval for a population mean. | **CONFIDENCE.T**(alpha, standard_dev, size) | ![](https://cdn.us.document360.io/15548f06-2fba-434c-b0c1-5df88317dbd7/Images/Documentation/link_out_icon(3).png?sv=2026-02-06&spr=https&st=2026-11-07T17%3A57%3A42Z&se=2026-11-07T18%3A57%3A42Z&sr=c&sp=r&sig=iN9G2rh8Hpx9rtQEo5ThQLF6%2FhP5VTMZwmkAxohoFvI%3D) [CONFIDENCE.T](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/confidence-t-function-e8eca395-6c3a-4ba9-9003-79ccc61d3c53) | | CONVERT | Converts a number from one data type to another. | **CONVERT**(number, from_unit, to_unit) | ![](https://cdn.us.document360.io/15548f06-2fba-434c-b0c1-5df88317dbd7/Images/Documentation/link_out_icon(3).png?sv=2026-02-06&spr=https&st=2026-11-07T17%3A57%3A42Z&se=2026-11-07T18%3A57%3A42Z&sr=c&sp=r&sig=iN9G2rh8Hpx9rtQEo5ThQLF6%2FhP5VTMZwmkAxohoFvI%3D)[CONVERT](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/convert-function-d785bef1-808e-4aac-bdcd-666c810f9af2) | | CORREL | Returns the correlation coefficient or relationship between two data sets. | **CORREL**(array1, array2) | ![](https://cdn.us.document360.io/15548f06-2fba-434c-b0c1-5df88317dbd7/Images/Documentation/link_out_icon(3).png?sv=2026-02-06&spr=https&st=2026-11-07T17%3A57%3A42Z&se=2026-11-07T18%3A57%3A42Z&sr=c&sp=r&sig=iN9G2rh8Hpx9rtQEo5ThQLF6%2FhP5VTMZwmkAxohoFvI%3D)[CORREL](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/correl-function-995dcef7-0c0a-4bed-a3fb-239d7b68ca92) | | COS | Returns the cosine of a number. | **COS**(number) | ![](https://cdn.us.document360.io/15548f06-2fba-434c-b0c1-5df88317dbd7/Images/Documentation/link_out_icon(3).png?sv=2026-02-06&spr=https&st=2026-11-07T17%3A57%3A42Z&se=2026-11-07T18%3A57%3A42Z&sr=c&sp=r&sig=iN9G2rh8Hpx9rtQEo5ThQLF6%2FhP5VTMZwmkAxohoFvI%3D) [COS](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/cos-function-0fb808a5-95d6-4553-8148-22aebdce5f05) | | COSH | Returns the hyperbolic cosine of a number. | **COSH**(number) | ![](https://cdn.us.document360.io/15548f06-2fba-434c-b0c1-5df88317dbd7/Images/Documentation/link_out_icon(3).png?sv=2026-02-06&spr=https&st=2026-11-07T17%3A57%3A42Z&se=2026-11-07T18%3A57%3A42Z&sr=c&sp=r&sig=iN9G2rh8Hpx9rtQEo5ThQLF6%2FhP5VTMZwmkAxohoFvI%3D) [COSH](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/cosh-function-e460d426-c471-43e8-9540-a57ff3b70555) | | COT | Returns the cotangent of an angle specified in radians.. | **COT**(number) | ![](https://cdn.us.document360.io/15548f06-2fba-434c-b0c1-5df88317dbd7/Images/Documentation/link_out_icon(3).png?sv=2026-02-06&spr=https&st=2026-11-07T17%3A57%3A42Z&se=2026-11-07T18%3A57%3A42Z&sr=c&sp=r&sig=iN9G2rh8Hpx9rtQEo5ThQLF6%2FhP5VTMZwmkAxohoFvI%3D) [COT](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/cot-function-c446f34d-6fe4-40dc-84f8-cf59e5f5e31a) | | COTH | Returns the hyperbolic cotangent of a hyperbolic angle. | **COTH**(number) | ![](https://cdn.us.document360.io/15548f06-2fba-434c-b0c1-5df88317dbd7/Images/Documentation/link_out_icon(3).png?sv=2026-02-06&spr=https&st=2026-11-07T17%3A57%3A42Z&se=2026-11-07T18%3A57%3A42Z&sr=c&sp=r&sig=iN9G2rh8Hpx9rtQEo5ThQLF6%2FhP5VTMZwmkAxohoFvI%3D) [COTH](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/coth-function-2e0b4cb6-0ba0-403e-aed4-deaa71b49df5) | | COUNT | Counts how many numbers are in a list of arguments. | **COUNT**(value1, [value2], ...) | ![](https://cdn.us.document360.io/15548f06-2fba-434c-b0c1-5df88317dbd7/Images/Documentation/link_out_icon(3).png?sv=2026-02-06&spr=https&st=2026-11-07T17%3A57%3A42Z&se=2026-11-07T18%3A57%3A42Z&sr=c&sp=r&sig=iN9G2rh8Hpx9rtQEo5ThQLF6%2FhP5VTMZwmkAxohoFvI%3D) [COUNT](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/count-function-a59cd7fc-b623-4d93-87a4-d23bf411294c) | | COUNTA | Counts how many values are in a list of arguments. | **COUNTA**(value1, [value2], ...) | ![](https://cdn.us.document360.io/15548f06-2fba-434c-b0c1-5df88317dbd7/Images/Documentation/link_out_icon(3).png?sv=2026-02-06&spr=https&st=2026-11-07T17%3A57%3A42Z&se=2026-11-07T18%3A57%3A42Z&sr=c&sp=r&sig=iN9G2rh8Hpx9rtQEo5ThQLF6%2FhP5VTMZwmkAxohoFvI%3D) [COUNTA](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/counta-function-7dc98875-d5c1-46f1-9a82-53f3219e2509) | | COUNTBLANK | Returns the number of empty cells. | **COUNTBLANK**(range) | ![](https://cdn.us.document360.io/15548f06-2fba-434c-b0c1-5df88317dbd7/Images/Documentation/link_out_icon(3).png?sv=2026-02-06&spr=https&st=2026-11-07T17%3A57%3A42Z&se=2026-11-07T18%3A57%3A42Z&sr=c&sp=r&sig=iN9G2rh8Hpx9rtQEo5ThQLF6%2FhP5VTMZwmkAxohoFvI%3D) [COUNTBLANK](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/countblank-function-6a92d772-675c-4bee-b346-24af6bd3ac22) | | COUNTIF | Counts the number of cells for the specified criteria. | **COUNTIF**(range, criteria) | ![](https://cdn.us.document360.io/15548f06-2fba-434c-b0c1-5df88317dbd7/Images/Documentation/link_out_icon(3).png?sv=2026-02-06&spr=https&st=2026-11-07T17%3A57%3A42Z&se=2026-11-07T18%3A57%3A42Z&sr=c&sp=r&sig=iN9G2rh8Hpx9rtQEo5ThQLF6%2FhP5VTMZwmkAxohoFvI%3D) [COUNTIF](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/countif-function-e0de10c6-f885-4e71-abb4-1f464816df34) | | COUNTIFS | Counts the number of cells meeting multiple specified criteria. | **COUNTIFS**(criteria_range1, criteria1, [criteria_range2, criteria2], …) | ![](https://cdn.us.document360.io/15548f06-2fba-434c-b0c1-5df88317dbd7/Images/Documentation/link_out_icon(3).png?sv=2026-02-06&spr=https&st=2026-11-07T17%3A57%3A42Z&se=2026-11-07T18%3A57%3A42Z&sr=c&sp=r&sig=iN9G2rh8Hpx9rtQEo5ThQLF6%2FhP5VTMZwmkAxohoFvI%3D) [COUNTIFS](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/countifs-function-dda3dc6e-f74e-4aee-88bc-aa8c2a866842) | | COVARIANCE.P | Returns covariance, the average of the products of paired deviations. | **COVARIANCE.P**(array1, array2) | ![](https://cdn.us.document360.io/15548f06-2fba-434c-b0c1-5df88317dbd7/Images/Documentation/link_out_icon(3).png?sv=2026-02-06&spr=https&st=2026-11-07T17%3A57%3A42Z&se=2026-11-07T18%3A57%3A42Z&sr=c&sp=r&sig=iN9G2rh8Hpx9rtQEo5ThQLF6%2FhP5VTMZwmkAxohoFvI%3D) [COVARIANCE.P](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/covariance-p-function-6f0e1e6d-956d-4e4b-9943-cfef0bf9edfc) | | COVARIANCE.S | Returns the sample covariance, the average of the products of deviations for each data point pair in two data sets. | **COVARIANCE.S**(array1, array2) | ![](https://cdn.us.document360.io/15548f06-2fba-434c-b0c1-5df88317dbd7/Images/Documentation/link_out_icon(3).png?sv=2026-02-06&spr=https&st=2026-11-07T17%3A57%3A42Z&se=2026-11-07T18%3A57%3A42Z&sr=c&sp=r&sig=iN9G2rh8Hpx9rtQEo5ThQLF6%2FhP5VTMZwmkAxohoFvI%3D) [COVARIANCE.S](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/covariance-s-function-0a539b74-7371-42aa-a18f-1f5320314977) | | CSC | Returns the cosecant of an angle. | **CSC**(number) | ![](https://cdn.us.document360.io/15548f06-2fba-434c-b0c1-5df88317dbd7/Images/Documentation/link_out_icon(3).png?sv=2026-02-06&spr=https&st=2026-11-07T17%3A57%3A42Z&se=2026-11-07T18%3A57%3A42Z&sr=c&sp=r&sig=iN9G2rh8Hpx9rtQEo5ThQLF6%2FhP5VTMZwmkAxohoFvI%3D) [CSC](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/csc-function-07379361-219a-4398-8675-07ddc4f135c1) | | CSCH | Returns the hyperbolic cosecant of an angle. | **CSCH**(number) | ![](https://cdn.us.document360.io/15548f06-2fba-434c-b0c1-5df88317dbd7/Images/Documentation/link_out_icon(3).png?sv=2026-02-06&spr=https&st=2026-11-07T17%3A57%3A42Z&se=2026-11-07T18%3A57%3A42Z&sr=c&sp=r&sig=iN9G2rh8Hpx9rtQEo5ThQLF6%2FhP5VTMZwmkAxohoFvI%3D) [CSCH](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/csch-function-f58f2c22-eb75-4dd6-84f4-a503527f8eeb) | | CUMIPMT | Returns the cumulative interest paid between a start and end period. | **CUMIPMT**(rate, nper, pv, start_period, end_period, type) | ![](https://cdn.us.document360.io/15548f06-2fba-434c-b0c1-5df88317dbd7/Images/Documentation/link_out_icon(3).png?sv=2026-02-06&spr=https&st=2026-11-07T17%3A57%3A42Z&se=2026-11-07T18%3A57%3A42Z&sr=c&sp=r&sig=iN9G2rh8Hpx9rtQEo5ThQLF6%2FhP5VTMZwmkAxohoFvI%3D) [CUMIPMT](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/cumipmt-function-61067bb0-9016-427d-b95b-1a752af0e606) | | CUMPRINC | Returns the cumulative principal paid between a start and end period. | **CUMPRINC**(rate, nper, pv, start_period, end_period, type) | ![](https://cdn.us.document360.io/15548f06-2fba-434c-b0c1-5df88317dbd7/Images/Documentation/link_out_icon(3).png?sv=2026-02-06&spr=https&st=2026-11-07T17%3A57%3A42Z&se=2026-11-07T18%3A57%3A42Z&sr=c&sp=r&sig=iN9G2rh8Hpx9rtQEo5ThQLF6%2FhP5VTMZwmkAxohoFvI%3D) [CUMPRINC](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/cumprinc-function-94a4516d-bd65-41a1-bc16-053a6af4c04d) | ## D | [A](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#A) | [B](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#B) | [C](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#C) | [D](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#D) | [E](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#E) | [F](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#F) | [G](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#G) | [H](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#H) | [I](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#I) | J | [K](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#K-L) | [L](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#K-L) | [M](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#M) | [N](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#N-O) | [O](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#N-O) | [P](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#P) | [Q](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#Q-R) | [R](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#Q-R) | [S](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#S) | [T](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#T) | [U](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#U-V) | [V](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#U-V) | [W](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#W-Y) | [X](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#W-Y) | [Y](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#W-Y) | Z | Formula | Description | Syntax | Reference | | --- | --- | --- | --- | | DATE | Calculates the serial number of a particular date. The date is represented as the number of days since January 1, 1900. | **DATE**(year,month,day) | ![](https://cdn.us.document360.io/15548f06-2fba-434c-b0c1-5df88317dbd7/Images/Documentation/link_out_icon(3).png?sv=2026-02-06&spr=https&st=2026-11-07T17%3A57%3A42Z&se=2026-11-07T18%3A57%3A42Z&sr=c&sp=r&sig=iN9G2rh8Hpx9rtQEo5ThQLF6%2FhP5VTMZwmkAxohoFvI%3D) [DATE](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/date-function-e36c0c8c-4104-49da-ab83-82328b832349) | | DATEVALUE | Parses a date string and returns it as the number of full days since **nullDate**. | **DATEVALUE**(date_text) | ![](https://cdn.us.document360.io/15548f06-2fba-434c-b0c1-5df88317dbd7/Images/Documentation/link_out_icon(3).png?sv=2026-02-06&spr=https&st=2026-11-07T17%3A57%3A42Z&se=2026-11-07T18%3A57%3A42Z&sr=c&sp=r&sig=iN9G2rh8Hpx9rtQEo5ThQLF6%2FhP5VTMZwmkAxohoFvI%3D) [DATEVALUE](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/datevalue-function-df8b07d4-7761-4a93-bc33-b7471bbff252) | | DAY | Converts a serial number to a day of the month (1-31). | **DAY**(serial_number) | ![](https://cdn.us.document360.io/15548f06-2fba-434c-b0c1-5df88317dbd7/Images/Documentation/link_out_icon(3).png?sv=2026-02-06&spr=https&st=2026-11-07T17%3A57%3A42Z&se=2026-11-07T18%3A57%3A42Z&sr=c&sp=r&sig=iN9G2rh8Hpx9rtQEo5ThQLF6%2FhP5VTMZwmkAxohoFvI%3D) [DAY](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/day-function-8a7d1cbb-6c7d-4ba1-8aea-25c134d03101) | | DAYS | Calculates the number of days between two dates. | **DAYS**(end_date, start_date) | ![](https://cdn.us.document360.io/15548f06-2fba-434c-b0c1-5df88317dbd7/Images/Documentation/link_out_icon(3).png?sv=2026-02-06&spr=https&st=2026-11-07T17%3A57%3A42Z&se=2026-11-07T18%3A57%3A42Z&sr=c&sp=r&sig=iN9G2rh8Hpx9rtQEo5ThQLF6%2FhP5VTMZwmkAxohoFvI%3D) [DAYS](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/days-function-57740535-d549-4395-8728-0f07bff0b9df) | | DAYS360 | Calculates the number of days between two dates based on a 360-day year. | **DAYS360**(start_date,end_date,[method]) | ![](https://cdn.us.document360.io/15548f06-2fba-434c-b0c1-5df88317dbd7/Images/Documentation/link_out_icon(3).png?sv=2026-02-06&spr=https&st=2026-11-07T17%3A57%3A42Z&se=2026-11-07T18%3A57%3A42Z&sr=c&sp=r&sig=iN9G2rh8Hpx9rtQEo5ThQLF6%2FhP5VTMZwmkAxohoFvI%3D) [DAYS360](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/days360-function-b9a509fd-49ef-407e-94df-0cbda5718c2a) | | DB | Returns the depreciation of an asset for a specified period using the fixed-declining balance method. | **DB**(cost, salvage, life, period, [month]) | ![](https://cdn.us.document360.io/15548f06-2fba-434c-b0c1-5df88317dbd7/Images/Documentation/link_out_icon(3).png?sv=2026-02-06&spr=https&st=2026-11-07T17%3A57%3A42Z&se=2026-11-07T18%3A57%3A42Z&sr=c&sp=r&sig=iN9G2rh8Hpx9rtQEo5ThQLF6%2FhP5VTMZwmkAxohoFvI%3D) [DB](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/db-function-354e7d28-5f93-4ff1-8a52-eb4ee549d9d7) | | DDB | Returns the depreciation of an asset for a specified period using the double-declining balance method. | **DDB**(cost, salvage, life, period, [factor]) | ![](https://cdn.us.document360.io/15548f06-2fba-434c-b0c1-5df88317dbd7/Images/Documentation/link_out_icon(3).png?sv=2026-02-06&spr=https&st=2026-11-07T17%3A57%3A42Z&se=2026-11-07T18%3A57%3A42Z&sr=c&sp=r&sig=iN9G2rh8Hpx9rtQEo5ThQLF6%2FhP5VTMZwmkAxohoFvI%3D) [DDB](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/ddb-function-519a7a37-8772-4c96-85c0-ed2c209717a5) | | DEC2BIN | Converts a decimal number to binary. | **DEC2BIN**(number, [places]) | ![](https://cdn.us.document360.io/15548f06-2fba-434c-b0c1-5df88317dbd7/Images/Documentation/link_out_icon(3).png?sv=2026-02-06&spr=https&st=2026-11-07T17%3A57%3A42Z&se=2026-11-07T18%3A57%3A42Z&sr=c&sp=r&sig=iN9G2rh8Hpx9rtQEo5ThQLF6%2FhP5VTMZwmkAxohoFvI%3D) [DEC2BIN](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/dec2bin-function-0f63dd0e-5d1a-42d8-b511-5bf5c6d43838) | | DEC2HEX | Converts a decimal number to hexadecimal. | **DEC2HEX**(number, [places]) | ![](https://cdn.us.document360.io/15548f06-2fba-434c-b0c1-5df88317dbd7/Images/Documentation/link_out_icon(3).png?sv=2026-02-06&spr=https&st=2026-11-07T17%3A57%3A42Z&se=2026-11-07T18%3A57%3A42Z&sr=c&sp=r&sig=iN9G2rh8Hpx9rtQEo5ThQLF6%2FhP5VTMZwmkAxohoFvI%3D) [DEC2HEX](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/dec2hex-function-6344ee8b-b6b5-4c6a-a672-f64666704619) | | DEC2OCT | Converts a decimal number to octal. | **DEC2OCT**(number, [places]) | ![](https://cdn.us.document360.io/15548f06-2fba-434c-b0c1-5df88317dbd7/Images/Documentation/link_out_icon(3).png?sv=2026-02-06&spr=https&st=2026-11-07T17%3A57%3A42Z&se=2026-11-07T18%3A57%3A42Z&sr=c&sp=r&sig=iN9G2rh8Hpx9rtQEo5ThQLF6%2FhP5VTMZwmkAxohoFvI%3D) [DEC2OCT](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/dec2oct-function-c9d835ca-20b7-40c4-8a9e-d3be351ce00f) | | DECIMAL | Converts a text number into a decimal number. | **DECIMAL**(text, radix) | ![](https://cdn.us.document360.io/15548f06-2fba-434c-b0c1-5df88317dbd7/Images/Documentation/link_out_icon(3).png?sv=2026-02-06&spr=https&st=2026-11-07T17%3A57%3A42Z&se=2026-11-07T18%3A57%3A42Z&sr=c&sp=r&sig=iN9G2rh8Hpx9rtQEo5ThQLF6%2FhP5VTMZwmkAxohoFvI%3D) [DECIMAL](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/decimal-function-ee554665-6176-46ef-82de-0a283658da2e) | | DEGREES | Converts radians to degrees. | **DEGREES**(angle) | ![](https://cdn.us.document360.io/15548f06-2fba-434c-b0c1-5df88317dbd7/Images/Documentation/link_out_icon(3).png?sv=2026-02-06&spr=https&st=2026-11-07T17%3A57%3A42Z&se=2026-11-07T18%3A57%3A42Z&sr=c&sp=r&sig=iN9G2rh8Hpx9rtQEo5ThQLF6%2FhP5VTMZwmkAxohoFvI%3D) [DEGREES](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/degrees-function-4d6ec4db-e694-4b94-ace0-1cc3f61f9ba1) | | DELTA | Compares the difference between two values. | **DELTA**(number1, [number2]) | ![](https://cdn.us.document360.io/15548f06-2fba-434c-b0c1-5df88317dbd7/Images/Documentation/link_out_icon(3).png?sv=2026-02-06&spr=https&st=2026-11-07T17%3A57%3A42Z&se=2026-11-07T18%3A57%3A42Z&sr=c&sp=r&sig=iN9G2rh8Hpx9rtQEo5ThQLF6%2FhP5VTMZwmkAxohoFvI%3D) [DELTA](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/delta-function-2f763672-c959-4e07-ac33-fe03220ba432) | | DEVSQ | Returns the sum of squares of deviations for a dataset. | **DEVSQ**(number1, [number2], ...) | ![](https://cdn.us.document360.io/15548f06-2fba-434c-b0c1-5df88317dbd7/Images/Documentation/link_out_icon(3).png?sv=2026-02-06&spr=https&st=2026-11-07T17%3A57%3A42Z&se=2026-11-07T18%3A57%3A42Z&sr=c&sp=r&sig=iN9G2rh8Hpx9rtQEo5ThQLF6%2FhP5VTMZwmkAxohoFvI%3D) [DEVSQ](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/devsq-function-8b739616-8376-4df5-8bd0-cfe0a6caf444) | | DOLLAR | Converts a number to text using the currency format (**$#,##0.00**). | **DOLLAR**(number, [decimals]) | ![](https://cdn.us.document360.io/15548f06-2fba-434c-b0c1-5df88317dbd7/Images/Documentation/link_out_icon(3).png?sv=2026-02-06&spr=https&st=2026-11-07T17%3A57%3A42Z&se=2026-11-07T18%3A57%3A42Z&sr=c&sp=r&sig=iN9G2rh8Hpx9rtQEo5ThQLF6%2FhP5VTMZwmkAxohoFvI%3D) [DOLLAR](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/dollar-function-a6cd05d9-9740-4ad3-a469-8109d18ff611) | | DOLLARDE | Converts a dollar price fraction to a decimal. | **DOLLARDE**(fractional_dollar, fraction) | ![](https://cdn.us.document360.io/15548f06-2fba-434c-b0c1-5df88317dbd7/Images/Documentation/link_out_icon(3).png?sv=2026-02-06&spr=https&st=2026-11-07T17%3A57%3A42Z&se=2026-11-07T18%3A57%3A42Z&sr=c&sp=r&sig=iN9G2rh8Hpx9rtQEo5ThQLF6%2FhP5VTMZwmkAxohoFvI%3D) [DOLLARDE](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/dollarde-function-db85aab0-1677-428a-9dfd-a38476693427) | | DOLLARFR | Converts a dollar price fraction to a decimal. | **DOLLARFR**(decimal_dollar, fraction) | ![](https://cdn.us.document360.io/15548f06-2fba-434c-b0c1-5df88317dbd7/Images/Documentation/link_out_icon(3).png?sv=2026-02-06&spr=https&st=2026-11-07T17%3A57%3A42Z&se=2026-11-07T18%3A57%3A42Z&sr=c&sp=r&sig=iN9G2rh8Hpx9rtQEo5ThQLF6%2FhP5VTMZwmkAxohoFvI%3D) [DOLLARFR](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/dollarfr-function-0835d163-3023-4a33-9824-3042c5d4f495) | ## E | [A](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#A) | [B](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#B) | [C](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#C) | [D](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#D) | [E](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#E) | [F](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#F) | [G](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#G) | [H](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#H) | [I](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#I) | J | [K](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#K-L) | [L](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#K-L) | [M](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#M) | [N](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#N-O) | [O](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#N-O) | [P](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#P) | [Q](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#Q-R) | [R](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#Q-R) | [S](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#S) | [T](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#T) | [U](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#U-V) | [V](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#U-V) | [W](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#W-Y) | [X](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#W-Y) | [Y](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#W-Y) | Z | Formula | Description | Syntax | Reference | | --- | --- | --- | --- | | EDATE | Returns a date a set number of months in the past or future from the specified date. | **EDATE**(start_date, months) | ![](https://cdn.us.document360.io/15548f06-2fba-434c-b0c1-5df88317dbd7/Images/Documentation/link_out_icon(3).png?sv=2026-02-06&spr=https&st=2026-11-07T17%3A57%3A42Z&se=2026-11-07T18%3A57%3A42Z&sr=c&sp=r&sig=iN9G2rh8Hpx9rtQEo5ThQLF6%2FhP5VTMZwmkAxohoFvI%3D) [EDATE](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/edate-function-3c920eb2-6e66-44e7-a1f5-753ae47ee4f5) | | EFFECT | Returns the effective annual interest rate. | **EFFECT**(nominal_rate, npery) | ![](https://cdn.us.document360.io/15548f06-2fba-434c-b0c1-5df88317dbd7/Images/Documentation/link_out_icon(3).png?sv=2026-02-06&spr=https&st=2026-11-07T17%3A57%3A42Z&se=2026-11-07T18%3A57%3A42Z&sr=c&sp=r&sig=iN9G2rh8Hpx9rtQEo5ThQLF6%2FhP5VTMZwmkAxohoFvI%3D) [EFFECT](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/effect-function-910d4e4c-79e2-4009-95e6-507e04f11bc4) | | EOMONTH | Returns the serial number of the last day of the month based on the specified number of months before or after the start date. | **EOMONTH**(start_date, months) | ![](https://cdn.us.document360.io/15548f06-2fba-434c-b0c1-5df88317dbd7/Images/Documentation/link_out_icon(3).png?sv=2026-02-06&spr=https&st=2026-11-07T17%3A57%3A42Z&se=2026-11-07T18%3A57%3A42Z&sr=c&sp=r&sig=iN9G2rh8Hpx9rtQEo5ThQLF6%2FhP5VTMZwmkAxohoFvI%3D) [EOMONTH](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/eomonth-function-7314ffa1-2bc9-4005-9d66-f49db127d628) | | ERF | Returns the error function. | **ERF**(lower_limit,[upper_limit]) | ![](https://cdn.us.document360.io/15548f06-2fba-434c-b0c1-5df88317dbd7/Images/Documentation/link_out_icon(3).png?sv=2026-02-06&spr=https&st=2026-11-07T17%3A57%3A42Z&se=2026-11-07T18%3A57%3A42Z&sr=c&sp=r&sig=iN9G2rh8Hpx9rtQEo5ThQLF6%2FhP5VTMZwmkAxohoFvI%3D) [ERF](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/erf-function-c53c7e7b-5482-4b6c-883e-56df3c9af349) | | ERFC | Returns the complementary error function. | **ERFC**(x) | ![](https://cdn.us.document360.io/15548f06-2fba-434c-b0c1-5df88317dbd7/Images/Documentation/link_out_icon(3).png?sv=2026-02-06&spr=https&st=2026-11-07T17%3A57%3A42Z&se=2026-11-07T18%3A57%3A42Z&sr=c&sp=r&sig=iN9G2rh8Hpx9rtQEo5ThQLF6%2FhP5VTMZwmkAxohoFvI%3D) [ERFC](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/erfc-function-736e0318-70ba-4e8b-8d08-461fe68b71b3) | | EVEN | Rounds a number to the nearest even integer. | **EVEN**(number) | ![](https://cdn.us.document360.io/15548f06-2fba-434c-b0c1-5df88317dbd7/Images/Documentation/link_out_icon(3).png?sv=2026-02-06&spr=https&st=2026-11-07T17%3A57%3A42Z&se=2026-11-07T18%3A57%3A42Z&sr=c&sp=r&sig=iN9G2rh8Hpx9rtQEo5ThQLF6%2FhP5VTMZwmkAxohoFvI%3D) [EVEN](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/even-function-197b5f06-c795-4c1e-8696-3c3b8a646cf9) | | EXACT | Determines whether two text values are identical. | **EXACT**(text1, text2) | ![](https://cdn.us.document360.io/15548f06-2fba-434c-b0c1-5df88317dbd7/Images/Documentation/link_out_icon(3).png?sv=2026-02-06&spr=https&st=2026-11-07T17%3A57%3A42Z&se=2026-11-07T18%3A57%3A42Z&sr=c&sp=r&sig=iN9G2rh8Hpx9rtQEo5ThQLF6%2FhP5VTMZwmkAxohoFvI%3D) [EXACT](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/exact-function-d3087698-fc15-4a15-9631-12575cf29926) | | EXP | Returns Euler's number (**e**), raised to the power of a given number. Constant **e** relates to exponential growth and decay. Its value is approximately 2.71828. | **EXP**(number) | ![](https://cdn.us.document360.io/15548f06-2fba-434c-b0c1-5df88317dbd7/Images/Documentation/link_out_icon(3).png?sv=2026-02-06&spr=https&st=2026-11-07T17%3A57%3A42Z&se=2026-11-07T18%3A57%3A42Z&sr=c&sp=r&sig=iN9G2rh8Hpx9rtQEo5ThQLF6%2FhP5VTMZwmkAxohoFvI%3D) [EXP](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/exp-function-c578f034-2c45-4c37-bc8c-329660a63abe) | | EXPON.DIST | Returns the exponential distribution. | **EXPON.DIST**(x,lambda,cumulative) | ![](https://cdn.us.document360.io/15548f06-2fba-434c-b0c1-5df88317dbd7/Images/Documentation/link_out_icon(3).png?sv=2026-02-06&spr=https&st=2026-11-07T17%3A57%3A42Z&se=2026-11-07T18%3A57%3A42Z&sr=c&sp=r&sig=iN9G2rh8Hpx9rtQEo5ThQLF6%2FhP5VTMZwmkAxohoFvI%3D) [EXPON.DIST](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/expon-dist-function-4c12ae24-e563-4155-bf3e-8b78b6ae140e) | | EXPONDIST | Returns the exponential distribution. | **EXPONDIST**(x,lambda,cumulative) | ![](https://cdn.us.document360.io/15548f06-2fba-434c-b0c1-5df88317dbd7/Images/Documentation/link_out_icon(3).png?sv=2026-02-06&spr=https&st=2026-11-07T17%3A57%3A42Z&se=2026-11-07T18%3A57%3A42Z&sr=c&sp=r&sig=iN9G2rh8Hpx9rtQEo5ThQLF6%2FhP5VTMZwmkAxohoFvI%3D) [EXPONDIST](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/expondist-function-68ab45fd-cd6d-4887-9770-9357eb8ee06a) | ## F | [A](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#A) | [B](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#B) | [C](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#C) | [D](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#D) | [E](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#E) | [F](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#F) | [G](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#G) | [H](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#H) | [I](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#I) | J | [K](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#K-L) | [L](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#K-L) | [M](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#M) | [N](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#N-O) | [O](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#N-O) | [P](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#P) | [Q](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#Q-R) | [R](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#Q-R) | [S](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#S) | [T](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#T) | [U](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#U-V) | [V](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#U-V) | [W](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#W-Y) | [X](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#W-Y) | [Y](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#W-Y) | Z | Formula | Description | Syntax | Reference | | --- | --- | --- | --- | | F.DIST | Returns the **F probability** distribution. Used when determining whether two datasets have different degrees of diversity. | **F.DIST**(x,deg_freedom1,deg_freedom2,cumulative) | ![](https://cdn.us.document360.io/15548f06-2fba-434c-b0c1-5df88317dbd7/Images/Documentation/link_out_icon(3).png?sv=2026-02-06&spr=https&st=2026-11-07T17%3A57%3A42Z&se=2026-11-07T18%3A57%3A42Z&sr=c&sp=r&sig=iN9G2rh8Hpx9rtQEo5ThQLF6%2FhP5VTMZwmkAxohoFvI%3D) [F.DIST](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/f-dist-function-a887efdc-7c8e-46cb-a74a-f884cd29b25d) | | F.DIST.RT | Returns the **F probability** distribution. Used when determining whether two datasets have different degrees of diversity. | **F.DIST.RT**(x,deg_freedom1,deg_freedom2) | ![](https://cdn.us.document360.io/15548f06-2fba-434c-b0c1-5df88317dbd7/Images/Documentation/link_out_icon(3).png?sv=2026-02-06&spr=https&st=2026-11-07T17%3A57%3A42Z&se=2026-11-07T18%3A57%3A42Z&sr=c&sp=r&sig=iN9G2rh8Hpx9rtQEo5ThQLF6%2FhP5VTMZwmkAxohoFvI%3D) [F.DIST.RT](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/f-dist-rt-function-d74cbb00-6017-4ac9-b7d7-6049badc0520) | | F.INV | Returns the inverse of the **F probability** distribution. | **F.INV**(probability,deg_freedom1,deg_freedom2) | ![](https://cdn.us.document360.io/15548f06-2fba-434c-b0c1-5df88317dbd7/Images/Documentation/link_out_icon(3).png?sv=2026-02-06&spr=https&st=2026-11-07T17%3A57%3A42Z&se=2026-11-07T18%3A57%3A42Z&sr=c&sp=r&sig=iN9G2rh8Hpx9rtQEo5ThQLF6%2FhP5VTMZwmkAxohoFvI%3D) [F.INV](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/f-inv-function-0dda0cf9-4ea0-42fd-8c3c-417a1ff30dbe) | | F.INV.RT | Returns the inverse of the **F probability** distribution. | **F.INV.RT**(probability,deg_freedom1,deg_freedom2) | ![](https://cdn.us.document360.io/15548f06-2fba-434c-b0c1-5df88317dbd7/Images/Documentation/link_out_icon(3).png?sv=2026-02-06&spr=https&st=2026-11-07T17%3A57%3A42Z&se=2026-11-07T18%3A57%3A42Z&sr=c&sp=r&sig=iN9G2rh8Hpx9rtQEo5ThQLF6%2FhP5VTMZwmkAxohoFvI%3D) [F.INV.RT](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/f-inv-rt-function-d371aa8f-b0b1-40ef-9cc2-496f0693ac00) | | FACT | Counts the number of possible arrangements for a group of items. | **FACT**(number) | ![](https://cdn.us.document360.io/15548f06-2fba-434c-b0c1-5df88317dbd7/Images/Documentation/link_out_icon(3).png?sv=2026-02-06&spr=https&st=2026-11-07T17%3A57%3A42Z&se=2026-11-07T18%3A57%3A42Z&sr=c&sp=r&sig=iN9G2rh8Hpx9rtQEo5ThQLF6%2FhP5VTMZwmkAxohoFvI%3D) [FACT](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/fact-function-ca8588c2-15f2-41c0-8e8c-c11bd471a4f3) | | FACTDOUBLE | Returns the double factorial of a number. | **FACTDOUBLE**(number) | ![](https://cdn.us.document360.io/15548f06-2fba-434c-b0c1-5df88317dbd7/Images/Documentation/link_out_icon(3).png?sv=2026-02-06&spr=https&st=2026-11-07T17%3A57%3A42Z&se=2026-11-07T18%3A57%3A42Z&sr=c&sp=r&sig=iN9G2rh8Hpx9rtQEo5ThQLF6%2FhP5VTMZwmkAxohoFvI%3D) [FACTDOUBLE](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/factdouble-function-e67697ac-d214-48eb-b7b7-cce2589ecac8) | | FALSE | Returns the value of false. | **FALSE**() | ![](https://cdn.us.document360.io/15548f06-2fba-434c-b0c1-5df88317dbd7/Images/Documentation/link_out_icon(3).png?sv=2026-02-06&spr=https&st=2026-11-07T17%3A57%3A42Z&se=2026-11-07T18%3A57%3A42Z&sr=c&sp=r&sig=iN9G2rh8Hpx9rtQEo5ThQLF6%2FhP5VTMZwmkAxohoFvI%3D) [FALSE](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/false-function-2d58dfa5-9c03-4259-bf8f-f0ae14346904) | | FDIST | Calculates the right-tailed **F probability** distribution, which measures the degree of diversity between two datasets. | **FDIST**(x,deg_freedom1,deg_freedom2) | ![](https://cdn.us.document360.io/15548f06-2fba-434c-b0c1-5df88317dbd7/Images/Documentation/link_out_icon(3).png?sv=2026-02-06&spr=https&st=2026-11-07T17%3A57%3A42Z&se=2026-11-07T18%3A57%3A42Z&sr=c&sp=r&sig=iN9G2rh8Hpx9rtQEo5ThQLF6%2FhP5VTMZwmkAxohoFvI%3D) [FDIST](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/fdist-function-ecf76fba-b3f1-4e7d-a57e-6a5b7460b786) | | FDISTRT | Calculates the right-tailed **F probability** distribution, which measures the degree of diversity between two data sets. | **FDISTRT**(x,deg_freedom1,deg_freedom2) | ![](https://cdn.us.document360.io/15548f06-2fba-434c-b0c1-5df88317dbd7/Images/Documentation/link_out_icon(3).png?sv=2026-02-06&spr=https&st=2026-11-07T17%3A57%3A42Z&se=2026-11-07T18%3A57%3A42Z&sr=c&sp=r&sig=iN9G2rh8Hpx9rtQEo5ThQLF6%2FhP5VTMZwmkAxohoFvI%3D) [FDISTRT](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/f-dist-rt-function-d74cbb00-6017-4ac9-b7d7-6049badc0520) | | FIND | Returns the location of one text string inside another. | **FIND**(find_text, within_text, [start_num]) | ![](https://cdn.us.document360.io/15548f06-2fba-434c-b0c1-5df88317dbd7/Images/Documentation/link_out_icon(3).png?sv=2026-02-06&spr=https&st=2026-11-07T17%3A57%3A42Z&se=2026-11-07T18%3A57%3A42Z&sr=c&sp=r&sig=iN9G2rh8Hpx9rtQEo5ThQLF6%2FhP5VTMZwmkAxohoFvI%3D) [FIND](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/find-findb-functions-c7912941-af2a-4bdf-a553-d0d89b0a0628) | | FINV | Returns the inverse of the **F probability** distribution. | **FINV**(probability,deg_freedom1,deg_freedom2) | ![](https://cdn.us.document360.io/15548f06-2fba-434c-b0c1-5df88317dbd7/Images/Documentation/link_out_icon(3).png?sv=2026-02-06&spr=https&st=2026-11-07T17%3A57%3A42Z&se=2026-11-07T18%3A57%3A42Z&sr=c&sp=r&sig=iN9G2rh8Hpx9rtQEo5ThQLF6%2FhP5VTMZwmkAxohoFvI%3D) [FINV](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/finv-function-4d46c97c-c368-4852-bc15-41e8e31140b1) | | FINVRT | Returns the inverse of the right-tailed **F probability** distribution. | **FINVRT**(probability,deg_freedom1,deg_freedom2) | ![](https://cdn.us.document360.io/15548f06-2fba-434c-b0c1-5df88317dbd7/Images/Documentation/link_out_icon(3).png?sv=2026-02-06&spr=https&st=2026-11-07T17%3A57%3A42Z&se=2026-11-07T18%3A57%3A42Z&sr=c&sp=r&sig=iN9G2rh8Hpx9rtQEo5ThQLF6%2FhP5VTMZwmkAxohoFvI%3D) [FINV.RT](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/f-inv-rt-function-d371aa8f-b0b1-40ef-9cc2-496f0693ac00) | | FISHER | Returns the **Fisher** transformation for the supplied value. Used when testing hypotheses on the correlation coefficient. | **FISHER**(x) | ![](https://cdn.us.document360.io/15548f06-2fba-434c-b0c1-5df88317dbd7/Images/Documentation/link_out_icon(3).png?sv=2026-02-06&spr=https&st=2026-11-07T17%3A57%3A42Z&se=2026-11-07T18%3A57%3A42Z&sr=c&sp=r&sig=iN9G2rh8Hpx9rtQEo5ThQLF6%2FhP5VTMZwmkAxohoFvI%3D) [FISHER](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/fisher-function-d656523c-5076-4f95-b87b-7741bf236c69) | | FISHERINV | Returns the inverse of the **Fisher** transformation. | **FISHERINV**(y) | ![](https://cdn.us.document360.io/15548f06-2fba-434c-b0c1-5df88317dbd7/Images/Documentation/link_out_icon(3).png?sv=2026-02-06&spr=https&st=2026-11-07T17%3A57%3A42Z&se=2026-11-07T18%3A57%3A42Z&sr=c&sp=r&sig=iN9G2rh8Hpx9rtQEo5ThQLF6%2FhP5VTMZwmkAxohoFvI%3D) [FISHERINV](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/fisherinv-function-62504b39-415a-4284-a285-19c8e82f86bb) | | FIXED | Converts a number to text with a fixed number of decimals. | **FIXED**(number, [decimals], [no_commas]) | ![](https://cdn.us.document360.io/15548f06-2fba-434c-b0c1-5df88317dbd7/Images/Documentation/link_out_icon(3).png?sv=2026-02-06&spr=https&st=2026-11-07T17%3A57%3A42Z&se=2026-11-07T18%3A57%3A42Z&sr=c&sp=r&sig=iN9G2rh8Hpx9rtQEo5ThQLF6%2FhP5VTMZwmkAxohoFvI%3D) [FIXED](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/fixed-function-ffd5723c-324c-45e9-8b96-e41be2a8274a) | | FLOOR | Rounds a real number to the nearest integer less than or equal to the real number. | **FLOOR**(number, significance) | ![](https://cdn.us.document360.io/15548f06-2fba-434c-b0c1-5df88317dbd7/Images/Documentation/link_out_icon(3).png?sv=2026-02-06&spr=https&st=2026-11-07T17%3A57%3A42Z&se=2026-11-07T18%3A57%3A42Z&sr=c&sp=r&sig=iN9G2rh8Hpx9rtQEo5ThQLF6%2FhP5VTMZwmkAxohoFvI%3D) [FLOOR](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/floor-function-14bb497c-24f2-4e04-b327-b0b4de5a8886) | | FORECAST | Returns a predicted future value based on the existing values. | **FORECAST**(x, known_y's, known_x's) | ![](https://cdn.us.document360.io/15548f06-2fba-434c-b0c1-5df88317dbd7/Images/Documentation/link_out_icon(3).png?sv=2026-02-06&spr=https&st=2026-11-07T17%3A57%3A42Z&se=2026-11-07T18%3A57%3A42Z&sr=c&sp=r&sig=iN9G2rh8Hpx9rtQEo5ThQLF6%2FhP5VTMZwmkAxohoFvI%3D) [FORECAST](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/forecast-and-forecast-linear-functions-50ca49c9-7b40-4892-94e4-7ad38bbeda99) | | FREQUENCY | Calculates how often values occur in the specified ranges. | **FREQUENCY**(data_array, bins_array) | ![](https://cdn.us.document360.io/15548f06-2fba-434c-b0c1-5df88317dbd7/Images/Documentation/link_out_icon(3).png?sv=2026-02-06&spr=https&st=2026-11-07T17%3A57%3A42Z&se=2026-11-07T18%3A57%3A42Z&sr=c&sp=r&sig=iN9G2rh8Hpx9rtQEo5ThQLF6%2FhP5VTMZwmkAxohoFvI%3D) [FREQUENCY](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/frequency-function-44e3be2b-eca0-42cd-a3f7-fd9ea898fdb9) | | FV | Returns the future value of an investment. | **FV**(rate,nper,pmt,[pv],[type]]) | ![](https://cdn.us.document360.io/15548f06-2fba-434c-b0c1-5df88317dbd7/Images/Documentation/link_out_icon(3).png?sv=2026-02-06&spr=https&st=2026-11-07T17%3A57%3A42Z&se=2026-11-07T18%3A57%3A42Z&sr=c&sp=r&sig=iN9G2rh8Hpx9rtQEo5ThQLF6%2FhP5VTMZwmkAxohoFvI%3D) [FV](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/fv-function-2eef9f44-a084-4c61-bdd8-4fe4bb1b71b3) | | FVSCHEDULE | Returns the future value of an investment after applying a series of specified interest rates. | **FVSCHEDULE**(principal, schedule) | ![](https://cdn.us.document360.io/15548f06-2fba-434c-b0c1-5df88317dbd7/Images/Documentation/link_out_icon(3).png?sv=2026-02-06&spr=https&st=2026-11-07T17%3A57%3A42Z&se=2026-11-07T18%3A57%3A42Z&sr=c&sp=r&sig=iN9G2rh8Hpx9rtQEo5ThQLF6%2FhP5VTMZwmkAxohoFvI%3D) [FVSCHEDULE](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/fvschedule-function-bec29522-bd87-4082-bab9-a241f3fb251d) | ## G | [A](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#A) | [B](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#B) | [C](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#C) | [D](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#D) | [E](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#E) | [F](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#F) | [G](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#G) | [H](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#H) | [I](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#I) | J | [K](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#K-L) | [L](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#K-L) | [M](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#M) | [N](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#N-O) | [O](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#N-O) | [P](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#P) | [Q](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#Q-R) | [R](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#Q-R) | [S](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#S) | [T](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#T) | [U](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#U-V) | [V](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#U-V) | [W](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#W-Y) | [X](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#W-Y) | [Y](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#W-Y) | Z | Formula | Description | Syntax | Reference | | --- | --- | --- | --- | | GAMMA | Returns the **gamma** function value. | **GAMMA**(number) | ![](https://cdn.us.document360.io/15548f06-2fba-434c-b0c1-5df88317dbd7/Images/Documentation/link_out_icon(3).png?sv=2026-02-06&spr=https&st=2026-11-07T17%3A57%3A42Z&se=2026-11-07T18%3A57%3A42Z&sr=c&sp=r&sig=iN9G2rh8Hpx9rtQEo5ThQLF6%2FhP5VTMZwmkAxohoFvI%3D) [GAMMA](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/gamma-function-ce1702b1-cf55-471d-8307-f83be0fc5297) | | GAMMA.DIST | Returns the **gamma** distribution. | **GAMMA.DIST**(x,alpha,beta,cumulative) | ![](https://cdn.us.document360.io/15548f06-2fba-434c-b0c1-5df88317dbd7/Images/Documentation/link_out_icon(3).png?sv=2026-02-06&spr=https&st=2026-11-07T17%3A57%3A42Z&se=2026-11-07T18%3A57%3A42Z&sr=c&sp=r&sig=iN9G2rh8Hpx9rtQEo5ThQLF6%2FhP5VTMZwmkAxohoFvI%3D) [GAMMA.DIST](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/gamma-dist-function-9b6f1538-d11c-4d5f-8966-21f6a2201def) | | GAMMA.INV | Returns the inverse of the **gamma** cumulative distribution. | **GAMMA.INV**(probability,alpha,beta) | ![](https://cdn.us.document360.io/15548f06-2fba-434c-b0c1-5df88317dbd7/Images/Documentation/link_out_icon(3).png?sv=2026-02-06&spr=https&st=2026-11-07T17%3A57%3A42Z&se=2026-11-07T18%3A57%3A42Z&sr=c&sp=r&sig=iN9G2rh8Hpx9rtQEo5ThQLF6%2FhP5VTMZwmkAxohoFvI%3D) [GAMMA.INV](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/gamma-inv-function-74991443-c2b0-4be5-aaab-1aa4d71fbb18) | | GAMMADIST | Returns the **gamma** distribution. | **GAMMADIST**(x,alpha,beta,cumulative) | ![](https://cdn.us.document360.io/15548f06-2fba-434c-b0c1-5df88317dbd7/Images/Documentation/link_out_icon(3).png?sv=2026-02-06&spr=https&st=2026-11-07T17%3A57%3A42Z&se=2026-11-07T18%3A57%3A42Z&sr=c&sp=r&sig=iN9G2rh8Hpx9rtQEo5ThQLF6%2FhP5VTMZwmkAxohoFvI%3D) [GAMMADIST](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/gammadist-function-7327c94d-0f05-4511-83df-1dd7ed23e19e) | | GAMMAINV | Returns the inverse of the **gamma** cumulative distribution. | **GAMMAINV**(probability,alpha,beta) | ![](https://cdn.us.document360.io/15548f06-2fba-434c-b0c1-5df88317dbd7/Images/Documentation/link_out_icon(3).png?sv=2026-02-06&spr=https&st=2026-11-07T17%3A57%3A42Z&se=2026-11-07T18%3A57%3A42Z&sr=c&sp=r&sig=iN9G2rh8Hpx9rtQEo5ThQLF6%2FhP5VTMZwmkAxohoFvI%3D) [GAMMAINV](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/gammainv-function-06393558-37ab-47d0-aa63-432f99e7916d) | | GAMMALN | Calculates the natural logarithm of the gamma function, **Γ(x)**. | **GAMMALN**(x) | ![](https://cdn.us.document360.io/15548f06-2fba-434c-b0c1-5df88317dbd7/Images/Documentation/link_out_icon(3).png?sv=2026-02-06&spr=https&st=2026-11-07T17%3A57%3A42Z&se=2026-11-07T18%3A57%3A42Z&sr=c&sp=r&sig=iN9G2rh8Hpx9rtQEo5ThQLF6%2FhP5VTMZwmkAxohoFvI%3D) [GAMMALN](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/gammaln-function-b838c48b-c65f-484f-9e1d-141c55470eb9) | | GAMMALN.PRECISE | Calculates the natural logarithm of the gamma function, **Γ(x)**. | **GAMMALN.PRECISE**(x) | ![](https://cdn.us.document360.io/15548f06-2fba-434c-b0c1-5df88317dbd7/Images/Documentation/link_out_icon(3).png?sv=2026-02-06&spr=https&st=2026-11-07T17%3A57%3A42Z&se=2026-11-07T18%3A57%3A42Z&sr=c&sp=r&sig=iN9G2rh8Hpx9rtQEo5ThQLF6%2FhP5VTMZwmkAxohoFvI%3D) [GAMMALN.PRECISE](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/gammaln-precise-function-5cdfe601-4e1e-4189-9d74-241ef1caa599) | | GAUSS | Returns the number of standard deviations from the mean. | **GAUSS**(z) | ![](https://cdn.us.document360.io/15548f06-2fba-434c-b0c1-5df88317dbd7/Images/Documentation/link_out_icon(3).png?sv=2026-02-06&spr=https&st=2026-11-07T17%3A57%3A42Z&se=2026-11-07T18%3A57%3A42Z&sr=c&sp=r&sig=iN9G2rh8Hpx9rtQEo5ThQLF6%2FhP5VTMZwmkAxohoFvI%3D) [GAUSS](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/gauss-function-069f1b4e-7dee-4d6a-a71f-4b69044a6b33) | | GCD | Returns the greatest common divisor of two or more integers. | **GCD**(number1, [number2], ...) | ![](https://cdn.us.document360.io/15548f06-2fba-434c-b0c1-5df88317dbd7/Images/Documentation/link_out_icon(3).png?sv=2026-02-06&spr=https&st=2026-11-07T17%3A57%3A42Z&se=2026-11-07T18%3A57%3A42Z&sr=c&sp=r&sig=iN9G2rh8Hpx9rtQEo5ThQLF6%2FhP5VTMZwmkAxohoFvI%3D) [GCD](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/gcd-function-d5107a51-69e3-461f-8e4c-ddfc21b5073a) | | GEOMEAN | Calculates the geometric mean for a set of numbers. | **GEOMEAN**(number1, [number2], ...) | ![](https://cdn.us.document360.io/15548f06-2fba-434c-b0c1-5df88317dbd7/Images/Documentation/link_out_icon(3).png?sv=2026-02-06&spr=https&st=2026-11-07T17%3A57%3A42Z&se=2026-11-07T18%3A57%3A42Z&sr=c&sp=r&sig=iN9G2rh8Hpx9rtQEo5ThQLF6%2FhP5VTMZwmkAxohoFvI%3D) [GEOMEAN](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/geomean-function-db1ac48d-25a5-40a0-ab83-0b38980e40d5) | | GESTEP | Tests whether a specified number is greater than a specified step size. | **GESTEP**(number, [step]) | ![](https://cdn.us.document360.io/15548f06-2fba-434c-b0c1-5df88317dbd7/Images/Documentation/link_out_icon(3).png?sv=2026-02-06&spr=https&st=2026-11-07T17%3A57%3A42Z&se=2026-11-07T18%3A57%3A42Z&sr=c&sp=r&sig=iN9G2rh8Hpx9rtQEo5ThQLF6%2FhP5VTMZwmkAxohoFvI%3D) [GESTEP](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/gestep-function-f37e7d2a-41da-4129-be95-640883fca9df) | | GROWTH | Calculates predicted exponential growth using the supplied data. | **GROWTH**(known_y's, [known_x's], [new_x's], [const]) | ![](https://cdn.us.document360.io/15548f06-2fba-434c-b0c1-5df88317dbd7/Images/Documentation/link_out_icon(3).png?sv=2026-02-06&spr=https&st=2026-11-07T17%3A57%3A42Z&se=2026-11-07T18%3A57%3A42Z&sr=c&sp=r&sig=iN9G2rh8Hpx9rtQEo5ThQLF6%2FhP5VTMZwmkAxohoFvI%3D) [GROWTH](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/growth-function-541a91dc-3d5e-437d-b156-21324e68b80d) | ## H | [A](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#A) | [B](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#B) | [C](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#C) | [D](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#D) | [E](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#E) | [F](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#F) | [G](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#G) | [H](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#H) | [I](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#I) | J | [K](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#K-L) | [L](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#K-L) | [M](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#M) | [N](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#N-O) | [O](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#N-O) | [P](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#P) | [Q](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#Q-R) | [R](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#Q-R) | [S](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#S) | [T](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#T) | [U](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#U-V) | [V](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#U-V) | [W](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#W-Y) | [X](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#W-Y) | [Y](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#W-Y) | Z | Formula | Description | Syntax | Reference | | --- | --- | --- | --- | | HARMEAN | Calculates the harmonic mean for a set of values. | **HARMEAN**(number1, [number2], ...) | ![](https://cdn.us.document360.io/15548f06-2fba-434c-b0c1-5df88317dbd7/Images/Documentation/link_out_icon(3).png?sv=2026-02-06&spr=https&st=2026-11-07T17%3A57%3A42Z&se=2026-11-07T18%3A57%3A42Z&sr=c&sp=r&sig=iN9G2rh8Hpx9rtQEo5ThQLF6%2FhP5VTMZwmkAxohoFvI%3D) [HARMEAN](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/harmean-function-5efd9184-fab5-42f9-b1d3-57883a1d3bc6) | | HEX2BIN | Converts a hexadecimal (Base16) number to a binary (Base 2) number. | **HEX2BIN**(number, [places]) | ![](https://cdn.us.document360.io/15548f06-2fba-434c-b0c1-5df88317dbd7/Images/Documentation/link_out_icon(3).png?sv=2026-02-06&spr=https&st=2026-11-07T17%3A57%3A42Z&se=2026-11-07T18%3A57%3A42Z&sr=c&sp=r&sig=iN9G2rh8Hpx9rtQEo5ThQLF6%2FhP5VTMZwmkAxohoFvI%3D) [HEX2BIN](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/hex2bin-function-a13aafaa-5737-4920-8424-643e581828c1) | | HEX2DEC | Converts a hexadecimal (Base 16) number to a decimal number. | **HEX2DEC**(number) | ![](https://cdn.us.document360.io/15548f06-2fba-434c-b0c1-5df88317dbd7/Images/Documentation/link_out_icon(3).png?sv=2026-02-06&spr=https&st=2026-11-07T17%3A57%3A42Z&se=2026-11-07T18%3A57%3A42Z&sr=c&sp=r&sig=iN9G2rh8Hpx9rtQEo5ThQLF6%2FhP5VTMZwmkAxohoFvI%3D) [HEX2DEC](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/hex2dec-function-8c8c3155-9f37-45a5-a3ee-ee5379ef106e) | | HEX2OCT | Converts a hexadecimal (Base 16) number to an octal (Base 8) number. | **HEX2OCT**(number, [places]) | ![](https://cdn.us.document360.io/15548f06-2fba-434c-b0c1-5df88317dbd7/Images/Documentation/link_out_icon(3).png?sv=2026-02-06&spr=https&st=2026-11-07T17%3A57%3A42Z&se=2026-11-07T18%3A57%3A42Z&sr=c&sp=r&sig=iN9G2rh8Hpx9rtQEo5ThQLF6%2FhP5VTMZwmkAxohoFvI%3D) [HEX2OCT](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/hex2oct-function-54d52808-5d19-4bd0-8a63-1096a5d11912) | | HOUR | Converts a serial number to an hour format (9:00 PM). | **HOUR**(serial_number) | ![](https://cdn.us.document360.io/15548f06-2fba-434c-b0c1-5df88317dbd7/Images/Documentation/link_out_icon(3).png?sv=2026-02-06&spr=https&st=2026-11-07T17%3A57%3A42Z&se=2026-11-07T18%3A57%3A42Z&sr=c&sp=r&sig=iN9G2rh8Hpx9rtQEo5ThQLF6%2FhP5VTMZwmkAxohoFvI%3D) [HOUR](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/hour-function-a3afa879-86cb-4339-b1b5-2dd2d7310ac7) | | HYPGEOM.DIST | Returns the hypergeometric distribution or probability of a given number of sample successes. | **HYPGEOM.DIST**(sample_s,number_sample,population_s,number_pop,cumulative) | ![](https://cdn.us.document360.io/15548f06-2fba-434c-b0c1-5df88317dbd7/Images/Documentation/link_out_icon(3).png?sv=2026-02-06&spr=https&st=2026-11-07T17%3A57%3A42Z&se=2026-11-07T18%3A57%3A42Z&sr=c&sp=r&sig=iN9G2rh8Hpx9rtQEo5ThQLF6%2FhP5VTMZwmkAxohoFvI%3D) [HYPGEOM.DIST](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/hypgeom-dist-function-6dbd547f-1d12-4b1f-8ae5-b0d9e3d22fbf) | | HYPGEOMDIST | Returns the hypergeometric distribution or probability of a given number of sample successes. | **HYPGEOMDIST**(sample_s,number_sample,population_s,number_pop,cumulative) | ![](https://cdn.us.document360.io/15548f06-2fba-434c-b0c1-5df88317dbd7/Images/Documentation/link_out_icon(3).png?sv=2026-02-06&spr=https&st=2026-11-07T17%3A57%3A42Z&se=2026-11-07T18%3A57%3A42Z&sr=c&sp=r&sig=iN9G2rh8Hpx9rtQEo5ThQLF6%2FhP5VTMZwmkAxohoFvI%3D) [HYPGEOMDIST](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/hypgeom-dist-function-6dbd547f-1d12-4b1f-8ae5-b0d9e3d22fbf) | ## I | [A](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#A) | [B](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#B) | [C](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#C) | [D](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#D) | [E](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#E) | [F](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#F) | [G](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#G) | [H](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#H) | [I](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#I) | J | [K](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#K-L) | [L](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#K-L) | [M](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#M) | [N](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#N-O) | [O](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#N-O) | [P](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#P) | [Q](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#Q-R) | [R](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#Q-R) | [S](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#S) | [T](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#T) | [U](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#U-V) | [V](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#U-V) | [W](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#W-Y) | [X](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#W-Y) | [Y](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#W-Y) | Z | Formula | Description | Syntax | Reference | | --- | --- | --- | --- | | IF | Compares a value and expectation based on a condition. | **IF**(logical_test, value_if_true, value_if_false) | ![](https://cdn.us.document360.io/15548f06-2fba-434c-b0c1-5df88317dbd7/Images/Documentation/link_out_icon(3).png?sv=2026-02-06&spr=https&st=2026-11-07T17%3A57%3A42Z&se=2026-11-07T18%3A57%3A42Z&sr=c&sp=r&sig=iN9G2rh8Hpx9rtQEo5ThQLF6%2FhP5VTMZwmkAxohoFvI%3D) [IF](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/if-function-69aed7c9-4e8a-4755-a9bc-aa8bbff73be2) | | IMABS | Gets the absolute value of a complex number. | **IMABS**(inumber) | ![](https://cdn.us.document360.io/15548f06-2fba-434c-b0c1-5df88317dbd7/Images/Documentation/link_out_icon(3).png?sv=2026-02-06&spr=https&st=2026-11-07T17%3A57%3A42Z&se=2026-11-07T18%3A57%3A42Z&sr=c&sp=r&sig=iN9G2rh8Hpx9rtQEo5ThQLF6%2FhP5VTMZwmkAxohoFvI%3D) [IMABS](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/imabs-function-b31e73c6-d90c-4062-90bc-8eb351d765a1) | | IMAGINARY | Gets the imaginary coefficient of a complex number. | **IMAGINARY**(inumber) | ![](https://cdn.us.document360.io/15548f06-2fba-434c-b0c1-5df88317dbd7/Images/Documentation/link_out_icon(3).png?sv=2026-02-06&spr=https&st=2026-11-07T17%3A57%3A42Z&se=2026-11-07T18%3A57%3A42Z&sr=c&sp=r&sig=iN9G2rh8Hpx9rtQEo5ThQLF6%2FhP5VTMZwmkAxohoFvI%3D) [IMAGINARY](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/imaginary-function-dd5952fd-473d-44d9-95a1-9a17b23e428a) | | IMARGUMENT | Returns an argument of a complex number. | **IMARGUMENT**(inumber) | ![](https://cdn.us.document360.io/15548f06-2fba-434c-b0c1-5df88317dbd7/Images/Documentation/link_out_icon(3).png?sv=2026-02-06&spr=https&st=2026-11-07T17%3A57%3A42Z&se=2026-11-07T18%3A57%3A42Z&sr=c&sp=r&sig=iN9G2rh8Hpx9rtQEo5ThQLF6%2FhP5VTMZwmkAxohoFvI%3D) [IMARGUMENT](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/imargument-function-eed37ec1-23b3-4f59-b9f3-d340358a034a) | | IMCONJUGATE | Gets the complex conjugate of a complex number. | **IMCONJUGATE**(inumber) | ![](https://cdn.us.document360.io/15548f06-2fba-434c-b0c1-5df88317dbd7/Images/Documentation/link_out_icon(3).png?sv=2026-02-06&spr=https&st=2026-11-07T17%3A57%3A42Z&se=2026-11-07T18%3A57%3A42Z&sr=c&sp=r&sig=iN9G2rh8Hpx9rtQEo5ThQLF6%2FhP5VTMZwmkAxohoFvI%3D) [IMCONJUGATE](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/imconjugate-function-2e2fc1ea-f32b-4f9b-9de6-233853bafd42) | | IMCOS | Returns the cosine of a complex number. | **IMCOS**(inumber) | ![](https://cdn.us.document360.io/15548f06-2fba-434c-b0c1-5df88317dbd7/Images/Documentation/link_out_icon(3).png?sv=2026-02-06&spr=https&st=2026-11-07T17%3A57%3A42Z&se=2026-11-07T18%3A57%3A42Z&sr=c&sp=r&sig=iN9G2rh8Hpx9rtQEo5ThQLF6%2FhP5VTMZwmkAxohoFvI%3D) [IMCOS](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/imcos-function-dad75277-f592-4a6b-ad6c-be93a808a53c) | | IMCOSH | Calculates the hyperbolic cosine of a complex number. | **IMCOSH**(inumber) | ![](https://cdn.us.document360.io/15548f06-2fba-434c-b0c1-5df88317dbd7/Images/Documentation/link_out_icon(3).png?sv=2026-02-06&spr=https&st=2026-11-07T17%3A57%3A42Z&se=2026-11-07T18%3A57%3A42Z&sr=c&sp=r&sig=iN9G2rh8Hpx9rtQEo5ThQLF6%2FhP5VTMZwmkAxohoFvI%3D) [IMCOSH](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/imcosh-function-053e4ddb-4122-458b-be9a-457c405e90ff) | | IMCOT | Returns the cotangent of a complex number. | **IMCOT**(inumber) | ![](https://cdn.us.document360.io/15548f06-2fba-434c-b0c1-5df88317dbd7/Images/Documentation/link_out_icon(3).png?sv=2026-02-06&spr=https&st=2026-11-07T17%3A57%3A42Z&se=2026-11-07T18%3A57%3A42Z&sr=c&sp=r&sig=iN9G2rh8Hpx9rtQEo5ThQLF6%2FhP5VTMZwmkAxohoFvI%3D) [IMCOT](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/imcot-function-dc6a3607-d26a-4d06-8b41-8931da36442c) | | IMCSC | Gets the cosecant of a complex number. | **IMCSC**(inumber) | ![](https://cdn.us.document360.io/15548f06-2fba-434c-b0c1-5df88317dbd7/Images/Documentation/link_out_icon(3).png?sv=2026-02-06&spr=https&st=2026-11-07T17%3A57%3A42Z&se=2026-11-07T18%3A57%3A42Z&sr=c&sp=r&sig=iN9G2rh8Hpx9rtQEo5ThQLF6%2FhP5VTMZwmkAxohoFvI%3D) [IMCSC](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/imcsc-function-9e158d8f-2ddf-46cd-9b1d-98e29904a323) | | IMCSCH | Returns the hyperbolic cosecant of a complex number. | **IMCSCH**(inumber) | ![](https://cdn.us.document360.io/15548f06-2fba-434c-b0c1-5df88317dbd7/Images/Documentation/link_out_icon(3).png?sv=2026-02-06&spr=https&st=2026-11-07T17%3A57%3A42Z&se=2026-11-07T18%3A57%3A42Z&sr=c&sp=r&sig=iN9G2rh8Hpx9rtQEo5ThQLF6%2FhP5VTMZwmkAxohoFvI%3D) [IMCSCH](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/imcsch-function-c0ae4f54-5f09-4fef-8da0-dc33ea2c5ca9) | | IMDIV | Returns the quotient of two complex numbers. | **IMDIV**(inumber1, inumber2) | ![](https://cdn.us.document360.io/15548f06-2fba-434c-b0c1-5df88317dbd7/Images/Documentation/link_out_icon(3).png?sv=2026-02-06&spr=https&st=2026-11-07T17%3A57%3A42Z&se=2026-11-07T18%3A57%3A42Z&sr=c&sp=r&sig=iN9G2rh8Hpx9rtQEo5ThQLF6%2FhP5VTMZwmkAxohoFvI%3D) [IMDIV](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/imdiv-function-a505aff7-af8a-4451-8142-77ec3d74d83f) | | IMEXP | Returns the complex exponential of a complex number. | **IMEXP**(inumber) | ![](https://cdn.us.document360.io/15548f06-2fba-434c-b0c1-5df88317dbd7/Images/Documentation/link_out_icon(3).png?sv=2026-02-06&spr=https&st=2026-11-07T17%3A57%3A42Z&se=2026-11-07T18%3A57%3A42Z&sr=c&sp=r&sig=iN9G2rh8Hpx9rtQEo5ThQLF6%2FhP5VTMZwmkAxohoFvI%3D) [IMEXP](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/imexp-function-c6f8da1f-e024-4c0c-b802-a60e7147a95f) | | IMLN | Returns the natural logarithm of a complex number. | **IMLN**(inumber) | ![](https://cdn.us.document360.io/15548f06-2fba-434c-b0c1-5df88317dbd7/Images/Documentation/link_out_icon(3).png?sv=2026-02-06&spr=https&st=2026-11-07T17%3A57%3A42Z&se=2026-11-07T18%3A57%3A42Z&sr=c&sp=r&sig=iN9G2rh8Hpx9rtQEo5ThQLF6%2FhP5VTMZwmkAxohoFvI%3D) [IMLN](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/imln-function-32b98bcf-8b81-437c-a636-6fb3aad509d8) | | IMLOG10 | Returns the common (Base-10) logarithm of a complex number. | **IMLOG10**(inumber) | ![](https://cdn.us.document360.io/15548f06-2fba-434c-b0c1-5df88317dbd7/Images/Documentation/link_out_icon(3).png?sv=2026-02-06&spr=https&st=2026-11-07T17%3A57%3A42Z&se=2026-11-07T18%3A57%3A42Z&sr=c&sp=r&sig=iN9G2rh8Hpx9rtQEo5ThQLF6%2FhP5VTMZwmkAxohoFvI%3D) [IMLOG10](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/imlog10-function-58200fca-e2a2-4271-8a98-ccd4360213a5) | | IMLOG2 | Returns the Base-2 logarithm of a complex number. | **IMLOG2**(inumber) | ![](https://cdn.us.document360.io/15548f06-2fba-434c-b0c1-5df88317dbd7/Images/Documentation/link_out_icon(3).png?sv=2026-02-06&spr=https&st=2026-11-07T17%3A57%3A42Z&se=2026-11-07T18%3A57%3A42Z&sr=c&sp=r&sig=iN9G2rh8Hpx9rtQEo5ThQLF6%2FhP5VTMZwmkAxohoFvI%3D) [IMLOG2](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/imlog2-function-152e13b4-bc79-486c-a243-e6a676878c51) | | IMPOWER | Returns a complex number raised to a specified power. | **IMPOWER**(inumber, number) | ![](https://cdn.us.document360.io/15548f06-2fba-434c-b0c1-5df88317dbd7/Images/Documentation/link_out_icon(3).png?sv=2026-02-06&spr=https&st=2026-11-07T17%3A57%3A42Z&se=2026-11-07T18%3A57%3A42Z&sr=c&sp=r&sig=iN9G2rh8Hpx9rtQEo5ThQLF6%2FhP5VTMZwmkAxohoFvI%3D) [IMPOWER](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/impower-function-210fd2f5-f8ff-4c6a-9d60-30e34fbdef39) | | IMPRODUCT | Gets the product of one or more complex numbers. | **IMPRODUCT**(inumber1, [inumber2], ...) | ![](https://cdn.us.document360.io/15548f06-2fba-434c-b0c1-5df88317dbd7/Images/Documentation/link_out_icon(3).png?sv=2026-02-06&spr=https&st=2026-11-07T17%3A57%3A42Z&se=2026-11-07T18%3A57%3A42Z&sr=c&sp=r&sig=iN9G2rh8Hpx9rtQEo5ThQLF6%2FhP5VTMZwmkAxohoFvI%3D) [IMPRODUCT](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/improduct-function-2fb8651a-a4f2-444f-975e-8ba7aab3a5ba) | | IMREAL | Gets the real coefficient of a complex number. | **IMREAL**(inumber) | ![](https://cdn.us.document360.io/15548f06-2fba-434c-b0c1-5df88317dbd7/Images/Documentation/link_out_icon(3).png?sv=2026-02-06&spr=https&st=2026-11-07T17%3A57%3A42Z&se=2026-11-07T18%3A57%3A42Z&sr=c&sp=r&sig=iN9G2rh8Hpx9rtQEo5ThQLF6%2FhP5VTMZwmkAxohoFvI%3D) [IMREAL](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/imreal-function-d12bc4c0-25d0-4bb3-a25f-ece1938bf366) | | IMSEC | Returns the secant of a complex number. | **IMSEC**(inumber) | ![](https://cdn.us.document360.io/15548f06-2fba-434c-b0c1-5df88317dbd7/Images/Documentation/link_out_icon(3).png?sv=2026-02-06&spr=https&st=2026-11-07T17%3A57%3A42Z&se=2026-11-07T18%3A57%3A42Z&sr=c&sp=r&sig=iN9G2rh8Hpx9rtQEo5ThQLF6%2FhP5VTMZwmkAxohoFvI%3D) [IMSEC](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/imsec-function-6df11132-4411-4df4-a3dc-1f17372459e0) | | IMSECH | Gets the hyperbolic secant of a complex number. | **IMSECH**(inumber) | ![](https://cdn.us.document360.io/15548f06-2fba-434c-b0c1-5df88317dbd7/Images/Documentation/link_out_icon(3).png?sv=2026-02-06&spr=https&st=2026-11-07T17%3A57%3A42Z&se=2026-11-07T18%3A57%3A42Z&sr=c&sp=r&sig=iN9G2rh8Hpx9rtQEo5ThQLF6%2FhP5VTMZwmkAxohoFvI%3D) [IMSECH](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/imsech-function-f250304f-788b-4505-954e-eb01fa50903b) | | IMSIN | Returns the sine of a complex number. | **IMSIN**(inumber) | ![](https://cdn.us.document360.io/15548f06-2fba-434c-b0c1-5df88317dbd7/Images/Documentation/link_out_icon(3).png?sv=2026-02-06&spr=https&st=2026-11-07T17%3A57%3A42Z&se=2026-11-07T18%3A57%3A42Z&sr=c&sp=r&sig=iN9G2rh8Hpx9rtQEo5ThQLF6%2FhP5VTMZwmkAxohoFvI%3D) [IMSIN](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/imsin-function-1ab02a39-a721-48de-82ef-f52bf37859f6) | | IMSINH | Returns the hyperbolic sine of a complex number. | **IMSINH**(inumber) | ![](https://cdn.us.document360.io/15548f06-2fba-434c-b0c1-5df88317dbd7/Images/Documentation/link_out_icon(3).png?sv=2026-02-06&spr=https&st=2026-11-07T17%3A57%3A42Z&se=2026-11-07T18%3A57%3A42Z&sr=c&sp=r&sig=iN9G2rh8Hpx9rtQEo5ThQLF6%2FhP5VTMZwmkAxohoFvI%3D) [IMSINH](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/imsinh-function-dfb9ec9e-8783-4985-8c42-b028e9e8da3d) | | IMSQRT | Gets the square root of a complex number. | **IMSQRT**(inumber) | ![](https://cdn.us.document360.io/15548f06-2fba-434c-b0c1-5df88317dbd7/Images/Documentation/link_out_icon(3).png?sv=2026-02-06&spr=https&st=2026-11-07T17%3A57%3A42Z&se=2026-11-07T18%3A57%3A42Z&sr=c&sp=r&sig=iN9G2rh8Hpx9rtQEo5ThQLF6%2FhP5VTMZwmkAxohoFvI%3D) [IMSQRT](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/imsqrt-function-e1753f80-ba11-4664-a10e-e17368396b70) | | IMSUB | Returns the difference between two complex numbers. | **IMSUB**(inumber1, inumber2) | ![](https://cdn.us.document360.io/15548f06-2fba-434c-b0c1-5df88317dbd7/Images/Documentation/link_out_icon(3).png?sv=2026-02-06&spr=https&st=2026-11-07T17%3A57%3A42Z&se=2026-11-07T18%3A57%3A42Z&sr=c&sp=r&sig=iN9G2rh8Hpx9rtQEo5ThQLF6%2FhP5VTMZwmkAxohoFvI%3D) [IMSUB](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/imsub-function-2e404b4d-4935-4e85-9f52-cb08b9a45054) | | IMSUM | Returns the sum of two or more complex numbers. | **IMSUM**(inumber1, [inumber2], ...) | ![](https://cdn.us.document360.io/15548f06-2fba-434c-b0c1-5df88317dbd7/Images/Documentation/link_out_icon(3).png?sv=2026-02-06&spr=https&st=2026-11-07T17%3A57%3A42Z&se=2026-11-07T18%3A57%3A42Z&sr=c&sp=r&sig=iN9G2rh8Hpx9rtQEo5ThQLF6%2FhP5VTMZwmkAxohoFvI%3D) [IMSUM](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/imsum-function-81542999-5f1c-4da6-9ffe-f1d7aaa9457f) | | IMTAN | Returns the tangent of a complex number. | **IMTAN**(inumber) | ![](https://cdn.us.document360.io/15548f06-2fba-434c-b0c1-5df88317dbd7/Images/Documentation/link_out_icon(3).png?sv=2026-02-06&spr=https&st=2026-11-07T17%3A57%3A42Z&se=2026-11-07T18%3A57%3A42Z&sr=c&sp=r&sig=iN9G2rh8Hpx9rtQEo5ThQLF6%2FhP5VTMZwmkAxohoFvI%3D) [IMTAN](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/imtan-function-8478f45d-610a-43cf-8544-9fc0b553a132) | | INT | Rounds a number down to the nearest integer. | **INT**(number) | ![](https://cdn.us.document360.io/15548f06-2fba-434c-b0c1-5df88317dbd7/Images/Documentation/link_out_icon(3).png?sv=2026-02-06&spr=https&st=2026-11-07T17%3A57%3A42Z&se=2026-11-07T18%3A57%3A42Z&sr=c&sp=r&sig=iN9G2rh8Hpx9rtQEo5ThQLF6%2FhP5VTMZwmkAxohoFvI%3D) [INT](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/int-function-a6c4af9e-356d-4369-ab6a-cb1fd9d343ef) | | INTERCEPT | Gets the intercept of the linear regression line. | **INTERCEPT**(known_y's, known_x's) | ![](https://cdn.us.document360.io/15548f06-2fba-434c-b0c1-5df88317dbd7/Images/Documentation/link_out_icon(3).png?sv=2026-02-06&spr=https&st=2026-11-07T17%3A57%3A42Z&se=2026-11-07T18%3A57%3A42Z&sr=c&sp=r&sig=iN9G2rh8Hpx9rtQEo5ThQLF6%2FhP5VTMZwmkAxohoFvI%3D) [INTERCEPT](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/intercept-function-2a9b74e2-9d47-4772-b663-3bca70bf63ef) | | IPMT | Calculates the interest portion of a loan or investment based on the principal payment and payment period. | **IPMT**(rate, per, nper, pv, [fv], [type]]) | ![](https://cdn.us.document360.io/15548f06-2fba-434c-b0c1-5df88317dbd7/Images/Documentation/link_out_icon(3).png?sv=2026-02-06&spr=https&st=2026-11-07T17%3A57%3A42Z&se=2026-11-07T18%3A57%3A42Z&sr=c&sp=r&sig=iN9G2rh8Hpx9rtQEo5ThQLF6%2FhP5VTMZwmkAxohoFvI%3D) [IPMT](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/ipmt-function-5cce0ad6-8402-4a41-8d29-61a0b054cb6f) | | IRR | Calculates the internal rate of return and the expected compound annual rate of return to be earned on an investment. | **IRR**(values, [guess]) | ![](https://cdn.us.document360.io/15548f06-2fba-434c-b0c1-5df88317dbd7/Images/Documentation/link_out_icon(3).png?sv=2026-02-06&spr=https&st=2026-11-07T17%3A57%3A42Z&se=2026-11-07T18%3A57%3A42Z&sr=c&sp=r&sig=iN9G2rh8Hpx9rtQEo5ThQLF6%2FhP5VTMZwmkAxohoFvI%3D) [IRR](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/irr-function-64925eaa-9988-495b-b290-3ad0c163c1bc) | | ISBLANK | Returns true if the value is blank. | **ISBLANK**(value) | ![](https://cdn.us.document360.io/15548f06-2fba-434c-b0c1-5df88317dbd7/Images/Documentation/link_out_icon(3).png?sv=2026-02-06&spr=https&st=2026-11-07T17%3A57%3A42Z&se=2026-11-07T18%3A57%3A42Z&sr=c&sp=r&sig=iN9G2rh8Hpx9rtQEo5ThQLF6%2FhP5VTMZwmkAxohoFvI%3D) [ISBLANK](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/is-functions-0f2d7971-6019-40a0-a171-f2d869135665) | | ISEVEN | Returns true if the number is even. | **ISEVEN**(Value) | ![](https://cdn.us.document360.io/15548f06-2fba-434c-b0c1-5df88317dbd7/Images/Documentation/link_out_icon(3).png?sv=2026-02-06&spr=https&st=2026-11-07T17%3A57%3A42Z&se=2026-11-07T18%3A57%3A42Z&sr=c&sp=r&sig=iN9G2rh8Hpx9rtQEo5ThQLF6%2FhP5VTMZwmkAxohoFvI%3D) [ISEVEN](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/iseven-function-aa15929a-d77b-4fbb-92f4-2f479af55356) | | ISLOGICAL | Returns true if the value is logical. | **ISLOGICAL**(value) | ![](https://cdn.us.document360.io/15548f06-2fba-434c-b0c1-5df88317dbd7/Images/Documentation/link_out_icon(3).png?sv=2026-02-06&spr=https&st=2026-11-07T17%3A57%3A42Z&se=2026-11-07T18%3A57%3A42Z&sr=c&sp=r&sig=iN9G2rh8Hpx9rtQEo5ThQLF6%2FhP5VTMZwmkAxohoFvI%3D) [ISLOGICAL](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/is-functions-0f2d7971-6019-40a0-a171-f2d869135665) | | ISNONTEXT | Returns true if the value is not text. The same result occurs if the value's cell is empty. | **ISNONTEXT**(value) | ![](https://cdn.us.document360.io/15548f06-2fba-434c-b0c1-5df88317dbd7/Images/Documentation/link_out_icon(3).png?sv=2026-02-06&spr=https&st=2026-11-07T17%3A57%3A42Z&se=2026-11-07T18%3A57%3A42Z&sr=c&sp=r&sig=iN9G2rh8Hpx9rtQEo5ThQLF6%2FhP5VTMZwmkAxohoFvI%3D) [ISNONTEXT](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/is-functions-0f2d7971-6019-40a0-a171-f2d869135665) | | ISNUMBER | Returns true if the value is a number. | **ISNUMBER**(value) | ![](https://cdn.us.document360.io/15548f06-2fba-434c-b0c1-5df88317dbd7/Images/Documentation/link_out_icon(3).png?sv=2026-02-06&spr=https&st=2026-11-07T17%3A57%3A42Z&se=2026-11-07T18%3A57%3A42Z&sr=c&sp=r&sig=iN9G2rh8Hpx9rtQEo5ThQLF6%2FhP5VTMZwmkAxohoFvI%3D) [ISNUMBER](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/is-functions-0f2d7971-6019-40a0-a171-f2d869135665) | | ISODD | Returns true if the number is odd. | **ISODD**(number) | ![](https://cdn.us.document360.io/15548f06-2fba-434c-b0c1-5df88317dbd7/Images/Documentation/link_out_icon(3).png?sv=2026-02-06&spr=https&st=2026-11-07T17%3A57%3A42Z&se=2026-11-07T18%3A57%3A42Z&sr=c&sp=r&sig=iN9G2rh8Hpx9rtQEo5ThQLF6%2FhP5VTMZwmkAxohoFvI%3D) [ISODD](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/isodd-function-1208a56d-4f10-4f44-a5fc-648cafd6c07a) | | ISOWEEKNUM | Returns an ISO week number of the year for the specified date. | **ISOWEEKNUM**(date) | ![](https://cdn.us.document360.io/15548f06-2fba-434c-b0c1-5df88317dbd7/Images/Documentation/link_out_icon(3).png?sv=2026-02-06&spr=https&st=2026-11-07T17%3A57%3A42Z&se=2026-11-07T18%3A57%3A42Z&sr=c&sp=r&sig=iN9G2rh8Hpx9rtQEo5ThQLF6%2FhP5VTMZwmkAxohoFvI%3D) [ISOWEEKNUM](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/isoweeknum-function-1c2d0afe-d25b-4ab1-8894-8d0520e90e0e) | | ISPMT | Calculates interest paid during a specific period of a loan or investment. | **ISPMT**(rate, per, nper, pv) | ![](https://cdn.us.document360.io/15548f06-2fba-434c-b0c1-5df88317dbd7/Images/Documentation/link_out_icon(3).png?sv=2026-02-06&spr=https&st=2026-11-07T17%3A57%3A42Z&se=2026-11-07T18%3A57%3A42Z&sr=c&sp=r&sig=iN9G2rh8Hpx9rtQEo5ThQLF6%2FhP5VTMZwmkAxohoFvI%3D) [ISPMT](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/ispmt-function-fa58adb6-9d39-4ce0-8f43-75399cea56cc) | | ISTEXT | Returns true if the value is text. | **ISTEXT**(value) | ![](https://cdn.us.document360.io/15548f06-2fba-434c-b0c1-5df88317dbd7/Images/Documentation/link_out_icon(3).png?sv=2026-02-06&spr=https&st=2026-11-07T17%3A57%3A42Z&se=2026-11-07T18%3A57%3A42Z&sr=c&sp=r&sig=iN9G2rh8Hpx9rtQEo5ThQLF6%2FhP5VTMZwmkAxohoFvI%3D) [ISTEXT](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/is-functions-0f2d7971-6019-40a0-a171-f2d869135665) | ## K-L | [A](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#A) | [B](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#B) | [C](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#C) | [D](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#D) | [E](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#E) | [F](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#F) | [G](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#G) | [H](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#H) | [I](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#I) | J | [K](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#K-L) | [L](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#K-L) | [M](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#M) | [N](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#N-O) | [O](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#N-O) | [P](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#P) | [Q](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#Q-R) | [R](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#Q-R) | [S](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#S) | [T](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#T) | [U](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#U-V) | [V](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#U-V) | [W](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#W-Y) | [X](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#W-Y) | [Y](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#W-Y) | Z | Formula | Description | Syntax | Reference | | --- | --- | --- | --- | | KURT | Calculates the kurtosis (peakedness or flatness of a distribution) of a dataset. | **KURT**(number1, [number2], ...) | ![](https://cdn.us.document360.io/15548f06-2fba-434c-b0c1-5df88317dbd7/Images/Documentation/link_out_icon(3).png?sv=2026-02-06&spr=https&st=2026-11-07T17%3A57%3A42Z&se=2026-11-07T18%3A57%3A42Z&sr=c&sp=r&sig=iN9G2rh8Hpx9rtQEo5ThQLF6%2FhP5VTMZwmkAxohoFvI%3D) [KURT](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/kurt-function-bc3a265c-5da4-4dcb-b7fd-c237789095ab) | | LARGE | Returns the k-th largest value in a dataset. | **LARGE**(array, k) | ![](https://cdn.us.document360.io/15548f06-2fba-434c-b0c1-5df88317dbd7/Images/Documentation/link_out_icon(3).png?sv=2026-02-06&spr=https&st=2026-11-07T17%3A57%3A42Z&se=2026-11-07T18%3A57%3A42Z&sr=c&sp=r&sig=iN9G2rh8Hpx9rtQEo5ThQLF6%2FhP5VTMZwmkAxohoFvI%3D) [LARGE](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/large-function-3af0af19-1190-42bb-bb8b-01672ec00a64) | | LCM | Returns the least common multiple of the specified numbers. | **LCM**(number1, [number2], ...) | ![](https://cdn.us.document360.io/15548f06-2fba-434c-b0c1-5df88317dbd7/Images/Documentation/link_out_icon(3).png?sv=2026-02-06&spr=https&st=2026-11-07T17%3A57%3A42Z&se=2026-11-07T18%3A57%3A42Z&sr=c&sp=r&sig=iN9G2rh8Hpx9rtQEo5ThQLF6%2FhP5VTMZwmkAxohoFvI%3D) [LCM](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/lcm-function-7152b67a-8bb5-4075-ae5c-06ede5563c94) | | LEFT | Returns the first character or characters in a text string, based on the number of characters you specify. | **LEFT**(text, [num_chars]) | ![](https://cdn.us.document360.io/15548f06-2fba-434c-b0c1-5df88317dbd7/Images/Documentation/link_out_icon(3).png?sv=2026-02-06&spr=https&st=2026-11-07T17%3A57%3A42Z&se=2026-11-07T18%3A57%3A42Z&sr=c&sp=r&sig=iN9G2rh8Hpx9rtQEo5ThQLF6%2FhP5VTMZwmkAxohoFvI%3D) [LEFT](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/left-leftb-functions-9203d2d2-7960-479b-84c6-1ea52b99640c) | | LEN | Returns the number of characters in a text string. | **LEN**(text) | ![](https://cdn.us.document360.io/15548f06-2fba-434c-b0c1-5df88317dbd7/Images/Documentation/link_out_icon(3).png?sv=2026-02-06&spr=https&st=2026-11-07T17%3A57%3A42Z&se=2026-11-07T18%3A57%3A42Z&sr=c&sp=r&sig=iN9G2rh8Hpx9rtQEo5ThQLF6%2FhP5VTMZwmkAxohoFvI%3D) [LEN](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/len-lenb-functions-29236f94-cedc-429d-affd-b5e33d2c67cb) | | LINEST | Returns an array describing a linear trend. | **LINEST**(known_y's, known_x's) | ![](https://cdn.us.document360.io/15548f06-2fba-434c-b0c1-5df88317dbd7/Images/Documentation/link_out_icon(3).png?sv=2026-02-06&spr=https&st=2026-11-07T17%3A57%3A42Z&se=2026-11-07T18%3A57%3A42Z&sr=c&sp=r&sig=iN9G2rh8Hpx9rtQEo5ThQLF6%2FhP5VTMZwmkAxohoFvI%3D) [LINEST](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/linest-function-84d7d0d9-6e50-4101-977a-fa7abf772b6d) | | LN | Returns the natural logarithm of a number. | **LN**(number) | ![](https://cdn.us.document360.io/15548f06-2fba-434c-b0c1-5df88317dbd7/Images/Documentation/link_out_icon(3).png?sv=2026-02-06&spr=https&st=2026-11-07T17%3A57%3A42Z&se=2026-11-07T18%3A57%3A42Z&sr=c&sp=r&sig=iN9G2rh8Hpx9rtQEo5ThQLF6%2FhP5VTMZwmkAxohoFvI%3D) [LN](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/ln-function-81fe1ed7-dac9-4acd-ba1d-07a142c6118f) | | LOG | Returns the logarithm of a number to a specified base. | **LOG**(number, base) | ![](https://cdn.us.document360.io/15548f06-2fba-434c-b0c1-5df88317dbd7/Images/Documentation/link_out_icon(3).png?sv=2026-02-06&spr=https&st=2026-11-07T17%3A57%3A42Z&se=2026-11-07T18%3A57%3A42Z&sr=c&sp=r&sig=iN9G2rh8Hpx9rtQEo5ThQLF6%2FhP5VTMZwmkAxohoFvI%3D) [LOG](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/log-function-4e82f196-1ca9-4747-8fb0-6c4a3abb3280) | | LOG10 | Returns the Base-10 logarithm of a number. | **LOG10**(number) | ![](https://cdn.us.document360.io/15548f06-2fba-434c-b0c1-5df88317dbd7/Images/Documentation/link_out_icon(3).png?sv=2026-02-06&spr=https&st=2026-11-07T17%3A57%3A42Z&se=2026-11-07T18%3A57%3A42Z&sr=c&sp=r&sig=iN9G2rh8Hpx9rtQEo5ThQLF6%2FhP5VTMZwmkAxohoFvI%3D) [LOG10](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/log10-function-c75b881b-49dd-44fb-b6f4-37e3486a0211) | | LOGEST | Returns an array of the exponential curve based on the specified data. | **LOGEST**(known_y's, known_x's) | ![](https://cdn.us.document360.io/15548f06-2fba-434c-b0c1-5df88317dbd7/Images/Documentation/link_out_icon(3).png?sv=2026-02-06&spr=https&st=2026-11-07T17%3A57%3A42Z&se=2026-11-07T18%3A57%3A42Z&sr=c&sp=r&sig=iN9G2rh8Hpx9rtQEo5ThQLF6%2FhP5VTMZwmkAxohoFvI%3D) [LOGEST](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/logest-function-f27462d8-3657-4030-866b-a272c1d18b4b) | | LOGNORM.DIST | Returns the cumulative lognormal distribution. Use when analyzing data transformed by a logarithm. | **LOGNORM.DIST**(x,mean,standard_dev,cumulative) | ![](https://cdn.us.document360.io/15548f06-2fba-434c-b0c1-5df88317dbd7/Images/Documentation/link_out_icon(3).png?sv=2026-02-06&spr=https&st=2026-11-07T17%3A57%3A42Z&se=2026-11-07T18%3A57%3A42Z&sr=c&sp=r&sig=iN9G2rh8Hpx9rtQEo5ThQLF6%2FhP5VTMZwmkAxohoFvI%3D) [LOGNORM.DIST](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/lognorm-dist-function-eb60d00b-48a9-4217-be2b-6074aee6b070) | | LOGNORM.INV | Returns the inverse of the lognormal cumulative distribution. | **LOGNORM.INV**(probability, mean, standard_dev) | ![](https://cdn.us.document360.io/15548f06-2fba-434c-b0c1-5df88317dbd7/Images/Documentation/link_out_icon(3).png?sv=2026-02-06&spr=https&st=2026-11-07T17%3A57%3A42Z&se=2026-11-07T18%3A57%3A42Z&sr=c&sp=r&sig=iN9G2rh8Hpx9rtQEo5ThQLF6%2FhP5VTMZwmkAxohoFvI%3D) [LOGNORM.INV](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/lognorm-inv-function-fe79751a-f1f2-4af8-a0a1-e151b2d4f600) | | LOGNORMDIST | Returns the cumulative lognormal distribution. Use when analyzing data transformed by a logarithm. | **LOGNORMDIST**(x,mean,standard_dev) | ![](https://cdn.us.document360.io/15548f06-2fba-434c-b0c1-5df88317dbd7/Images/Documentation/link_out_icon(3).png?sv=2026-02-06&spr=https&st=2026-11-07T17%3A57%3A42Z&se=2026-11-07T18%3A57%3A42Z&sr=c&sp=r&sig=iN9G2rh8Hpx9rtQEo5ThQLF6%2FhP5VTMZwmkAxohoFvI%3D) [LOGNORMDIST](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/lognormdist-function-f8d194cb-9ee3-4034-8c75-1bdb3884100b) | | LOGNORMINV | Returns the inverse of the lognormal cumulative distribution. | **LOGNORMINV**(probability, mean, standard_dev) | ![](https://cdn.us.document360.io/15548f06-2fba-434c-b0c1-5df88317dbd7/Images/Documentation/link_out_icon(3).png?sv=2026-02-06&spr=https&st=2026-11-07T17%3A57%3A42Z&se=2026-11-07T18%3A57%3A42Z&sr=c&sp=r&sig=iN9G2rh8Hpx9rtQEo5ThQLF6%2FhP5VTMZwmkAxohoFvI%3D) [LOGNORMINV](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/lognorm-inv-function-fe79751a-f1f2-4af8-a0a1-e151b2d4f600) | | LOWER | Returns text converted to lowercase. | **LOWER**(text) | ![](https://cdn.us.document360.io/15548f06-2fba-434c-b0c1-5df88317dbd7/Images/Documentation/link_out_icon(3).png?sv=2026-02-06&spr=https&st=2026-11-07T17%3A57%3A42Z&se=2026-11-07T18%3A57%3A42Z&sr=c&sp=r&sig=iN9G2rh8Hpx9rtQEo5ThQLF6%2FhP5VTMZwmkAxohoFvI%3D) [LOWER](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/lower-function-3f21df02-a80c-44b2-afaf-81358f9fdeb4) | ## M | [A](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#A) | [B](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#B) | [C](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#C) | [D](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#D) | [E](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#E) | [F](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#F) | [G](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#G) | [H](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#H) | [I](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#I) | J | [K](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#K-L) | [L](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#K-L) | [M](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#M) | [N](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#N-O) | [O](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#N-O) | [P](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#P) | [Q](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#Q-R) | [R](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#Q-R) | [S](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#S) | [T](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#T) | [U](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#U-V) | [V](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#U-V) | [W](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#W-Y) | [X](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#W-Y) | [Y](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#W-Y) | Z | Formula | Description | Syntax | Reference | | --- | --- | --- | --- | | MATCH | Returns the relative position of an item in an array matching a specified value. | **MATCH**(lookup_value, lookup_array, [match_type]) | ![](https://cdn.us.document360.io/15548f06-2fba-434c-b0c1-5df88317dbd7/Images/Documentation/link_out_icon(3).png?sv=2026-02-06&spr=https&st=2026-11-07T17%3A57%3A42Z&se=2026-11-07T18%3A57%3A42Z&sr=c&sp=r&sig=iN9G2rh8Hpx9rtQEo5ThQLF6%2FhP5VTMZwmkAxohoFvI%3D) [MATCH](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/match-function-e8dffd45-c762-47d6-bf89-533f4a37673a) | | MAX | Returns the largest number of the specified values. | **MAX**(number1, [number2], ...) | ![](https://cdn.us.document360.io/15548f06-2fba-434c-b0c1-5df88317dbd7/Images/Documentation/link_out_icon(3).png?sv=2026-02-06&spr=https&st=2026-11-07T17%3A57%3A42Z&se=2026-11-07T18%3A57%3A42Z&sr=c&sp=r&sig=iN9G2rh8Hpx9rtQEo5ThQLF6%2FhP5VTMZwmkAxohoFvI%3D) [MAX](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/max-function-e0012414-9ac8-4b34-9a47-73e662c08098) | | MAXA | Returns the largest number of the specified values, including numbers, text, and logical values. | **MAXA**(value1,[value2],...) | ![](https://cdn.us.document360.io/15548f06-2fba-434c-b0c1-5df88317dbd7/Images/Documentation/link_out_icon(3).png?sv=2026-02-06&spr=https&st=2026-11-07T17%3A57%3A42Z&se=2026-11-07T18%3A57%3A42Z&sr=c&sp=r&sig=iN9G2rh8Hpx9rtQEo5ThQLF6%2FhP5VTMZwmkAxohoFvI%3D) [MAXA](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/maxa-function-814bda1e-3840-4bff-9365-2f59ac2ee62d) | | MEDIAN | Returns the median of the specified numbers. | **MEDIAN**(number1, [number2], ...) | ![](https://cdn.us.document360.io/15548f06-2fba-434c-b0c1-5df88317dbd7/Images/Documentation/link_out_icon(3).png?sv=2026-02-06&spr=https&st=2026-11-07T17%3A57%3A42Z&se=2026-11-07T18%3A57%3A42Z&sr=c&sp=r&sig=iN9G2rh8Hpx9rtQEo5ThQLF6%2FhP5VTMZwmkAxohoFvI%3D) [MEDIAN](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/median-function-d0916313-4753-414c-8537-ce85bdd967d2) | | MID | Returns the number of characters in a text string starting from the position you specify. | **MID**(text, start_num, num_chars) | ![](https://cdn.us.document360.io/15548f06-2fba-434c-b0c1-5df88317dbd7/Images/Documentation/link_out_icon(3).png?sv=2026-02-06&spr=https&st=2026-11-07T17%3A57%3A42Z&se=2026-11-07T18%3A57%3A42Z&sr=c&sp=r&sig=iN9G2rh8Hpx9rtQEo5ThQLF6%2FhP5VTMZwmkAxohoFvI%3D) [MID](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/mid-midb-functions-d5f9e25c-d7d6-472e-b568-4ecb12433028) | | MIN | Returns the minimum value in a list of arguments. | **MIN**(number1, [number2], ...) | ![](https://cdn.us.document360.io/15548f06-2fba-434c-b0c1-5df88317dbd7/Images/Documentation/link_out_icon(3).png?sv=2026-02-06&spr=https&st=2026-11-07T17%3A57%3A42Z&se=2026-11-07T18%3A57%3A42Z&sr=c&sp=r&sig=iN9G2rh8Hpx9rtQEo5ThQLF6%2FhP5VTMZwmkAxohoFvI%3D) [MIN](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/min-function-61635d12-920f-4ce2-a70f-96f202dcc152) | | MINA | Returns the smallest of the specified values, including numbers, text, and logical values. | **MINA**(value1, [value2], ...) | ![](https://cdn.us.document360.io/15548f06-2fba-434c-b0c1-5df88317dbd7/Images/Documentation/link_out_icon(3).png?sv=2026-02-06&spr=https&st=2026-11-07T17%3A57%3A42Z&se=2026-11-07T18%3A57%3A42Z&sr=c&sp=r&sig=iN9G2rh8Hpx9rtQEo5ThQLF6%2FhP5VTMZwmkAxohoFvI%3D) [MINA](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/mina-function-245a6f46-7ca5-4dc7-ab49-805341bc31d3) | | MINUTE | Converts a serial number to a minute. | **MINUTE**(serial_number) | ![](https://cdn.us.document360.io/15548f06-2fba-434c-b0c1-5df88317dbd7/Images/Documentation/link_out_icon(3).png?sv=2026-02-06&spr=https&st=2026-11-07T17%3A57%3A42Z&se=2026-11-07T18%3A57%3A42Z&sr=c&sp=r&sig=iN9G2rh8Hpx9rtQEo5ThQLF6%2FhP5VTMZwmkAxohoFvI%3D) [MINUTE](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/minute-function-af728df0-05c4-4b07-9eed-a84801a60589) | | MIRR | Considers the cost of an investment and the interest received on reinvestment to determine the modified internal rate of return for periodic cash flows. | **MIRR**(values, finance_rate, reinvest_rate) | ![](https://cdn.us.document360.io/15548f06-2fba-434c-b0c1-5df88317dbd7/Images/Documentation/link_out_icon(3).png?sv=2026-02-06&spr=https&st=2026-11-07T17%3A57%3A42Z&se=2026-11-07T18%3A57%3A42Z&sr=c&sp=r&sig=iN9G2rh8Hpx9rtQEo5ThQLF6%2FhP5VTMZwmkAxohoFvI%3D) [MIRR](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/mirr-function-b020f038-7492-4fb4-93c1-35c345b53524) | | MOD | Returns the remainder after the number is divided by a specified divisor. | **MOD**(number, divisor) | ![](https://cdn.us.document360.io/15548f06-2fba-434c-b0c1-5df88317dbd7/Images/Documentation/link_out_icon(3).png?sv=2026-02-06&spr=https&st=2026-11-07T17%3A57%3A42Z&se=2026-11-07T18%3A57%3A42Z&sr=c&sp=r&sig=iN9G2rh8Hpx9rtQEo5ThQLF6%2FhP5VTMZwmkAxohoFvI%3D) [MOD](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/mod-function-9b6cd169-b6ee-406a-a97b-edf2a9dc24f3) | | MODE.MULT | Returns a vertical array of the most repetitive values for a data range. | **MODE.MULT**(number1,[number2],...) | ![](https://cdn.us.document360.io/15548f06-2fba-434c-b0c1-5df88317dbd7/Images/Documentation/link_out_icon(3).png?sv=2026-02-06&spr=https&st=2026-11-07T17%3A57%3A42Z&se=2026-11-07T18%3A57%3A42Z&sr=c&sp=r&sig=iN9G2rh8Hpx9rtQEo5ThQLF6%2FhP5VTMZwmkAxohoFvI%3D) [MODE.MULT](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/mode-mult-function-50fd9464-b2ba-4191-b57a-39446689ae8c) | | MODE.SNGL | Returns the value that occurs most frequently in a dataset. | **MODE.SNGL**(number1,[number2],...) | ![](https://cdn.us.document360.io/15548f06-2fba-434c-b0c1-5df88317dbd7/Images/Documentation/link_out_icon(3).png?sv=2026-02-06&spr=https&st=2026-11-07T17%3A57%3A42Z&se=2026-11-07T18%3A57%3A42Z&sr=c&sp=r&sig=iN9G2rh8Hpx9rtQEo5ThQLF6%2FhP5VTMZwmkAxohoFvI%3D) [MODE.SNGL](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/mode-sngl-function-f1267c16-66c6-4386-959f-8fba5f8bb7f8) | | MODEMULT | Returns a vertical array of the most repetitive values for a data range. | **MODEMULT**(number1,[number2],...) | ![](https://cdn.us.document360.io/15548f06-2fba-434c-b0c1-5df88317dbd7/Images/Documentation/link_out_icon(3).png?sv=2026-02-06&spr=https&st=2026-11-07T17%3A57%3A42Z&se=2026-11-07T18%3A57%3A42Z&sr=c&sp=r&sig=iN9G2rh8Hpx9rtQEo5ThQLF6%2FhP5VTMZwmkAxohoFvI%3D) [MODEMULT](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/mode-mult-function-50fd9464-b2ba-4191-b57a-39446689ae8c) | | MODESNGL | Returns the value that occurs most frequently in a data set. | **MODESNGL**(number1,[number2],...) | ![](https://cdn.us.document360.io/15548f06-2fba-434c-b0c1-5df88317dbd7/Images/Documentation/link_out_icon(3).png?sv=2026-02-06&spr=https&st=2026-11-07T17%3A57%3A42Z&se=2026-11-07T18%3A57%3A42Z&sr=c&sp=r&sig=iN9G2rh8Hpx9rtQEo5ThQLF6%2FhP5VTMZwmkAxohoFvI%3D) [MODESNGL](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/mode-sngl-function-f1267c16-66c6-4386-959f-8fba5f8bb7f8) | | MONTH | Converts a serial number to a month or number (1-12). | **MONTH**(serial_number) | ![](https://cdn.us.document360.io/15548f06-2fba-434c-b0c1-5df88317dbd7/Images/Documentation/link_out_icon(3).png?sv=2026-02-06&spr=https&st=2026-11-07T17%3A57%3A42Z&se=2026-11-07T18%3A57%3A42Z&sr=c&sp=r&sig=iN9G2rh8Hpx9rtQEo5ThQLF6%2FhP5VTMZwmkAxohoFvI%3D) [MONTH](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/month-function-579a2881-199b-48b2-ab90-ddba0eba86e8) | | MROUND | Returns a number rounded up from zero. | **MROUND**(number, multiple) | ![](https://cdn.us.document360.io/15548f06-2fba-434c-b0c1-5df88317dbd7/Images/Documentation/link_out_icon(3).png?sv=2026-02-06&spr=https&st=2026-11-07T17%3A57%3A42Z&se=2026-11-07T18%3A57%3A42Z&sr=c&sp=r&sig=iN9G2rh8Hpx9rtQEo5ThQLF6%2FhP5VTMZwmkAxohoFvI%3D) [MROUND](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/mround-function-c299c3b0-15a5-426d-aa4b-d2d5b3baf427) | | MULTINOMIAL | Returns the multinomial probability distribution of a set of numbers. | **MULTINOMIAL**(number1, [number2], ...) | ![](https://cdn.us.document360.io/15548f06-2fba-434c-b0c1-5df88317dbd7/Images/Documentation/link_out_icon(3).png?sv=2026-02-06&spr=https&st=2026-11-07T17%3A57%3A42Z&se=2026-11-07T18%3A57%3A42Z&sr=c&sp=r&sig=iN9G2rh8Hpx9rtQEo5ThQLF6%2FhP5VTMZwmkAxohoFvI%3D) [MULTINOMIAL](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/multinomial-function-6fa6373c-6533-41a2-a45e-a56db1db1bf6) | ## N-O | [A](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#A) | [B](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#B) | [C](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#C) | [D](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#D) | [E](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#E) | [F](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#F) | [G](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#G) | [H](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#H) | [I](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#I) | J | [K](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#K-L) | [L](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#K-L) | [M](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#M) | [N](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#N-O) | [O](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#N-O) | [P](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#P) | [Q](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#Q-R) | [R](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#Q-R) | [S](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#S) | [T](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#T) | [U](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#U-V) | [V](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#U-V) | [W](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#W-Y) | [X](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#W-Y) | [Y](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#W-Y) | Z | Formula | Description | Syntax | Reference | | --- | --- | --- | --- | | NEGBINOM.DIST | Returns the probability of receiving less than or equal to a particular value in a negative binomial distribution. | **NEGBINOM.DIST**(number_f,number_s,probability_s,cumulative) | ![](https://cdn.us.document360.io/15548f06-2fba-434c-b0c1-5df88317dbd7/Images/Documentation/link_out_icon(3).png?sv=2026-02-06&spr=https&st=2026-11-07T17%3A57%3A42Z&se=2026-11-07T18%3A57%3A42Z&sr=c&sp=r&sig=iN9G2rh8Hpx9rtQEo5ThQLF6%2FhP5VTMZwmkAxohoFvI%3D) [NEGBINOM.DIST](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/negbinom-dist-function-c8239f89-c2d0-45bd-b6af-172e570f8599) | | NEGBINOMDIST | Returns the probability of receiving less than or equal to a particular value in a negative binomial distribution. | **NEGBINOMDIST**(number_f,number_s,probability_s) | ![](https://cdn.us.document360.io/15548f06-2fba-434c-b0c1-5df88317dbd7/Images/Documentation/link_out_icon(3).png?sv=2026-02-06&spr=https&st=2026-11-07T17%3A57%3A42Z&se=2026-11-07T18%3A57%3A42Z&sr=c&sp=r&sig=iN9G2rh8Hpx9rtQEo5ThQLF6%2FhP5VTMZwmkAxohoFvI%3D) [NEGBINOMDIST](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/negbinomdist-function-f59b0a37-bae2-408d-b115-a315609ba714) | | NETWORKDAYS | Returns the number of whole workdays between two dates. | **NETWORKDAYS**(start_date, end_date, [holidays]) | ![](https://cdn.us.document360.io/15548f06-2fba-434c-b0c1-5df88317dbd7/Images/Documentation/link_out_icon(3).png?sv=2026-02-06&spr=https&st=2026-11-07T17%3A57%3A42Z&se=2026-11-07T18%3A57%3A42Z&sr=c&sp=r&sig=iN9G2rh8Hpx9rtQEo5ThQLF6%2FhP5VTMZwmkAxohoFvI%3D) [NETWORKDAYS](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/networkdays-function-48e717bf-a7a3-495f-969e-5005e3eb18e7) | | NOMINAL | Returns the annual nominal interest rate. | **NOMINAL**(effect_rate, npery) | ![](https://cdn.us.document360.io/15548f06-2fba-434c-b0c1-5df88317dbd7/Images/Documentation/link_out_icon(3).png?sv=2026-02-06&spr=https&st=2026-11-07T17%3A57%3A42Z&se=2026-11-07T18%3A57%3A42Z&sr=c&sp=r&sig=iN9G2rh8Hpx9rtQEo5ThQLF6%2FhP5VTMZwmkAxohoFvI%3D) [NOMINAL](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/nominal-function-7f1ae29b-6b92-435e-b950-ad8b190ddd2b) | | NORM.DIST | Returns the normal distribution for the specified mean and standard deviation. | **NORM.DIST**(x,mean,standard_dev,cumulative) | ![](https://cdn.us.document360.io/15548f06-2fba-434c-b0c1-5df88317dbd7/Images/Documentation/link_out_icon(3).png?sv=2026-02-06&spr=https&st=2026-11-07T17%3A57%3A42Z&se=2026-11-07T18%3A57%3A42Z&sr=c&sp=r&sig=iN9G2rh8Hpx9rtQEo5ThQLF6%2FhP5VTMZwmkAxohoFvI%3D) [NORM.DIST](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/norm-dist-function-edb1cc14-a21c-4e53-839d-8082074c9f8d) | | NORM.INV | Returns the inverse of the standard normal cumulative distribution for a number. | **NORM.INV**(probability,mean,standard_dev) | ![](https://cdn.us.document360.io/15548f06-2fba-434c-b0c1-5df88317dbd7/Images/Documentation/link_out_icon(3).png?sv=2026-02-06&spr=https&st=2026-11-07T17%3A57%3A42Z&se=2026-11-07T18%3A57%3A42Z&sr=c&sp=r&sig=iN9G2rh8Hpx9rtQEo5ThQLF6%2FhP5VTMZwmkAxohoFvI%3D) [NORM.INV](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/norm-inv-function-54b30935-fee7-493c-bedb-2278a9db7e13) | | NORM.S.DIST | Returns the normal distribution with a mean of **0** and a standard deviation of **1**. | **NORM.S.DIST**(z,cumulative) | ![](https://cdn.us.document360.io/15548f06-2fba-434c-b0c1-5df88317dbd7/Images/Documentation/link_out_icon(3).png?sv=2026-02-06&spr=https&st=2026-11-07T17%3A57%3A42Z&se=2026-11-07T18%3A57%3A42Z&sr=c&sp=r&sig=iN9G2rh8Hpx9rtQEo5ThQLF6%2FhP5VTMZwmkAxohoFvI%3D) [NORM.S.DIST](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/norm-s-dist-function-1e787282-3832-4520-a9ae-bd2a8d99ba88) | | NORM.S.INV | Returns the inverse of the standard normal cumulative distribution with a mean of **0** and a standard deviation of **1**. | **NORM.S.INV**(probability) | ![](https://cdn.us.document360.io/15548f06-2fba-434c-b0c1-5df88317dbd7/Images/Documentation/link_out_icon(3).png?sv=2026-02-06&spr=https&st=2026-11-07T17%3A57%3A42Z&se=2026-11-07T18%3A57%3A42Z&sr=c&sp=r&sig=iN9G2rh8Hpx9rtQEo5ThQLF6%2FhP5VTMZwmkAxohoFvI%3D) [NORM.S.INV](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/norm-s-inv-function-d6d556b4-ab7f-49cd-b526-5a20918452b1) | | NORMDIST | Returns the normal distribution for the specified mean and standard deviation. | **NORMDIST**(x,mean,standard_dev,cumulative) | ![](https://cdn.us.document360.io/15548f06-2fba-434c-b0c1-5df88317dbd7/Images/Documentation/link_out_icon(3).png?sv=2026-02-06&spr=https&st=2026-11-07T17%3A57%3A42Z&se=2026-11-07T18%3A57%3A42Z&sr=c&sp=r&sig=iN9G2rh8Hpx9rtQEo5ThQLF6%2FhP5VTMZwmkAxohoFvI%3D) [NORMDIST](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/normdist-function-126db625-c53e-4591-9a22-c9ff422d6d58) | | NORMINV | Returns the inverse of the standard normal cumulative distribution for a number. | **NORMINV**(probability,mean,standard_dev) | ![](https://cdn.us.document360.io/15548f06-2fba-434c-b0c1-5df88317dbd7/Images/Documentation/link_out_icon(3).png?sv=2026-02-06&spr=https&st=2026-11-07T17%3A57%3A42Z&se=2026-11-07T18%3A57%3A42Z&sr=c&sp=r&sig=iN9G2rh8Hpx9rtQEo5ThQLF6%2FhP5VTMZwmkAxohoFvI%3D) [NORMINV](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/norminv-function-87981ab8-2de0-4cb0-b1aa-e21d4cb879b8) | | NORMSDIST | Returns the normal distribution for the specified mean and standard deviation. | **NORMSDIST**(z) | ![](https://cdn.us.document360.io/15548f06-2fba-434c-b0c1-5df88317dbd7/Images/Documentation/link_out_icon(3).png?sv=2026-02-06&spr=https&st=2026-11-07T17%3A57%3A42Z&se=2026-11-07T18%3A57%3A42Z&sr=c&sp=r&sig=iN9G2rh8Hpx9rtQEo5ThQLF6%2FhP5VTMZwmkAxohoFvI%3D) [NORMSDIST](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/normsdist-function-463369ea-0345-445d-802a-4ff0d6ce7cac) | | NORMSINV | Returns the inverse of the cumulative standardized normal distribution. | **NORMSINV**(probability) | ![](https://cdn.us.document360.io/15548f06-2fba-434c-b0c1-5df88317dbd7/Images/Documentation/link_out_icon(3).png?sv=2026-02-06&spr=https&st=2026-11-07T17%3A57%3A42Z&se=2026-11-07T18%3A57%3A42Z&sr=c&sp=r&sig=iN9G2rh8Hpx9rtQEo5ThQLF6%2FhP5VTMZwmkAxohoFvI%3D) [NORMSINV](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/normsinv-function-8d1bce66-8e4d-4f3b-967c-30eed61f019d) | | NOT | Determines whether a condition is false. | **NOT**(logical) | ![](https://cdn.us.document360.io/15548f06-2fba-434c-b0c1-5df88317dbd7/Images/Documentation/link_out_icon(3).png?sv=2026-02-06&spr=https&st=2026-11-07T17%3A57%3A42Z&se=2026-11-07T18%3A57%3A42Z&sr=c&sp=r&sig=iN9G2rh8Hpx9rtQEo5ThQLF6%2FhP5VTMZwmkAxohoFvI%3D) [NOT](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/not-function-9cfc6011-a054-40c7-a140-cd4ba2d87d77) | | NOW | Returns the serial number of the current date and time. | **NOW**() | ![](https://cdn.us.document360.io/15548f06-2fba-434c-b0c1-5df88317dbd7/Images/Documentation/link_out_icon(3).png?sv=2026-02-06&spr=https&st=2026-11-07T17%3A57%3A42Z&se=2026-11-07T18%3A57%3A42Z&sr=c&sp=r&sig=iN9G2rh8Hpx9rtQEo5ThQLF6%2FhP5VTMZwmkAxohoFvI%3D) [NOW](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/now-function-3337fd29-145a-4347-b2e6-20c904739c46) | | NPER | Returns the number of periods for a loan or investment. | **NPER**(rate,pmt,pv,[fv],[type]) | ![](https://cdn.us.document360.io/15548f06-2fba-434c-b0c1-5df88317dbd7/Images/Documentation/link_out_icon(3).png?sv=2026-02-06&spr=https&st=2026-11-07T17%3A57%3A42Z&se=2026-11-07T18%3A57%3A42Z&sr=c&sp=r&sig=iN9G2rh8Hpx9rtQEo5ThQLF6%2FhP5VTMZwmkAxohoFvI%3D) [NPER](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/nper-function-240535b5-6653-4d2d-bfcf-b6a38151d815) | | NPV | Returns the net present value of an investment using a discount rate and a series of periodic cash flows. | **NPV**(rate,value1,[value2],...) | ![](https://cdn.us.document360.io/15548f06-2fba-434c-b0c1-5df88317dbd7/Images/Documentation/link_out_icon(3).png?sv=2026-02-06&spr=https&st=2026-11-07T17%3A57%3A42Z&se=2026-11-07T18%3A57%3A42Z&sr=c&sp=r&sig=iN9G2rh8Hpx9rtQEo5ThQLF6%2FhP5VTMZwmkAxohoFvI%3D) [NPV](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/npv-function-8672cb67-2576-4d07-b67b-ac28acf2a568) | | OCT2BIN | Converts an octal number to binary. | **OCT2BIN**(number, [places]) | ![](https://cdn.us.document360.io/15548f06-2fba-434c-b0c1-5df88317dbd7/Images/Documentation/link_out_icon(3).png?sv=2026-02-06&spr=https&st=2026-11-07T17%3A57%3A42Z&se=2026-11-07T18%3A57%3A42Z&sr=c&sp=r&sig=iN9G2rh8Hpx9rtQEo5ThQLF6%2FhP5VTMZwmkAxohoFvI%3D) [OCT2BIN](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/oct2bin-function-55383471-3c56-4d27-9522-1a8ec646c589) | | OCT2DEC | Converts an octal number to decimal. | **OCT2DEC**(number) | ![](https://cdn.us.document360.io/15548f06-2fba-434c-b0c1-5df88317dbd7/Images/Documentation/link_out_icon(3).png?sv=2026-02-06&spr=https&st=2026-11-07T17%3A57%3A42Z&se=2026-11-07T18%3A57%3A42Z&sr=c&sp=r&sig=iN9G2rh8Hpx9rtQEo5ThQLF6%2FhP5VTMZwmkAxohoFvI%3D) [OCT2DEC](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/oct2dec-function-87606014-cb98-44b2-8dbb-e48f8ced1554) | | OCT2HEX | Converts an octal number to hexadecimal. | **OCT2HEX**(number, [places]) | ![](https://cdn.us.document360.io/15548f06-2fba-434c-b0c1-5df88317dbd7/Images/Documentation/link_out_icon(3).png?sv=2026-02-06&spr=https&st=2026-11-07T17%3A57%3A42Z&se=2026-11-07T18%3A57%3A42Z&sr=c&sp=r&sig=iN9G2rh8Hpx9rtQEo5ThQLF6%2FhP5VTMZwmkAxohoFvI%3D) [OCT2HEX](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/oct2hex-function-912175b4-d497-41b4-a029-221f051b858f) | | ODD | Rounds a number to the nearest odd integer. | **ODD**(number) | ![](https://cdn.us.document360.io/15548f06-2fba-434c-b0c1-5df88317dbd7/Images/Documentation/link_out_icon(3).png?sv=2026-02-06&spr=https&st=2026-11-07T17%3A57%3A42Z&se=2026-11-07T18%3A57%3A42Z&sr=c&sp=r&sig=iN9G2rh8Hpx9rtQEo5ThQLF6%2FhP5VTMZwmkAxohoFvI%3D) [ODD](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/odd-function-deae64eb-e08a-4c88-8b40-6d0b42575c98) | | OR | Determines whether only one condition is true. | **OR**(logical1, [logical2], ...) | ![](https://cdn.us.document360.io/15548f06-2fba-434c-b0c1-5df88317dbd7/Images/Documentation/link_out_icon(3).png?sv=2026-02-06&spr=https&st=2026-11-07T17%3A57%3A42Z&se=2026-11-07T18%3A57%3A42Z&sr=c&sp=r&sig=iN9G2rh8Hpx9rtQEo5ThQLF6%2FhP5VTMZwmkAxohoFvI%3D) [OR](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/or-function-7d17ad14-8700-4281-b308-00b131e22af0) | ## P | [A](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#A) | [B](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#B) | [C](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#C) | [D](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#D) | [E](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#E) | [F](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#F) | [G](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#G) | [H](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#H) | [I](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#I) | J | [K](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#K-L) | [L](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#K-L) | [M](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#M) | [N](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#N-O) | [O](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#N-O) | [P](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#P) | [Q](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#Q-R) | [R](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#Q-R) | [S](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#S) | [T](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#T) | [U](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#U-V) | [V](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#U-V) | [W](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#W-Y) | [X](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#W-Y) | [Y](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#W-Y) | Z | Formula | Description | Syntax | Reference | | --- | --- | --- | --- | | PDURATION | Returns the number of periods needed for an investment to reach a specified amount. | **PDURATION**(rate, pv, fv) | ![](https://cdn.us.document360.io/15548f06-2fba-434c-b0c1-5df88317dbd7/Images/Documentation/link_out_icon(3).png?sv=2026-02-06&spr=https&st=2026-11-07T17%3A57%3A42Z&se=2026-11-07T18%3A57%3A42Z&sr=c&sp=r&sig=iN9G2rh8Hpx9rtQEo5ThQLF6%2FhP5VTMZwmkAxohoFvI%3D) [PDURATION](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/pduration-function-44f33460-5be5-4c90-b857-22308892adaf) | | PEARSON | Returns the **Pearson** product-moment correlation coefficient, showing how strongly the two variables correlate. | **PEARSON**(array1, array2) | ![](https://cdn.us.document360.io/15548f06-2fba-434c-b0c1-5df88317dbd7/Images/Documentation/link_out_icon(3).png?sv=2026-02-06&spr=https&st=2026-11-07T17%3A57%3A42Z&se=2026-11-07T18%3A57%3A42Z&sr=c&sp=r&sig=iN9G2rh8Hpx9rtQEo5ThQLF6%2FhP5VTMZwmkAxohoFvI%3D) [PEARSON](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/pearson-function-0c3e30fc-e5af-49c4-808a-3ef66e034c18) | | PERCENTILEEXC | Calculates the k-th percentile of values in a range, where k is **0** to **1**. | **PERCENTILEEXC**(array,k) | ![](https://cdn.us.document360.io/15548f06-2fba-434c-b0c1-5df88317dbd7/Images/Documentation/link_out_icon(3).png?sv=2026-02-06&spr=https&st=2026-11-07T17%3A57%3A42Z&se=2026-11-07T18%3A57%3A42Z&sr=c&sp=r&sig=iN9G2rh8Hpx9rtQEo5ThQLF6%2FhP5VTMZwmkAxohoFvI%3D) [PERCENTILEEXC](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/percentile-exc-function-bbaa7204-e9e1-4010-85bf-c31dc5dce4ba) | | PERCENTILEINC | Calculates the k-th percentile of values in a range, where k is **0** to **1**. | **PERCENTILEINC**(array,k) | ![](https://cdn.us.document360.io/15548f06-2fba-434c-b0c1-5df88317dbd7/Images/Documentation/link_out_icon(3).png?sv=2026-02-06&spr=https&st=2026-11-07T17%3A57%3A42Z&se=2026-11-07T18%3A57%3A42Z&sr=c&sp=r&sig=iN9G2rh8Hpx9rtQEo5ThQLF6%2FhP5VTMZwmkAxohoFvI%3D) [PERCENTILEINC](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/percentile-inc-function-680f9539-45eb-410b-9a5e-c1355e5fe2ed) | | PERCENTRANKEXC | Returns the rank of a value in a dataset as a percentage. It also indicates how many values are less than or equal to the value. | **PERCENTRAKEXC**(array,x,[significance]) | ![](https://cdn.us.document360.io/15548f06-2fba-434c-b0c1-5df88317dbd7/Images/Documentation/link_out_icon(3).png?sv=2026-02-06&spr=https&st=2026-11-07T17%3A57%3A42Z&se=2026-11-07T18%3A57%3A42Z&sr=c&sp=r&sig=iN9G2rh8Hpx9rtQEo5ThQLF6%2FhP5VTMZwmkAxohoFvI%3D) [PERCENTRANKEXC](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/percentrank-exc-function-d8afee96-b7e2-4a2f-8c01-8fcdedaa6314) | | PERCENTRANKINC | Returns the rank of a value in a data set as a percentage. It also indicates how many values are less than or equal to the value. | **PERCENTRANKINC**(array,x,[significance]) | ![](https://cdn.us.document360.io/15548f06-2fba-434c-b0c1-5df88317dbd7/Images/Documentation/link_out_icon(3).png?sv=2026-02-06&spr=https&st=2026-11-07T17%3A57%3A42Z&se=2026-11-07T18%3A57%3A42Z&sr=c&sp=r&sig=iN9G2rh8Hpx9rtQEo5ThQLF6%2FhP5VTMZwmkAxohoFvI%3D) [PERCENTRANKINC](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/percentrank-inc-function-149592c9-00c0-49ba-86c1-c1f45b80463a) | | PERMUT | Returns the number of permutations of a specified number of objects. | **PERMUT**(number, number_chosen) | ![](https://cdn.us.document360.io/15548f06-2fba-434c-b0c1-5df88317dbd7/Images/Documentation/link_out_icon(3).png?sv=2026-02-06&spr=https&st=2026-11-07T17%3A57%3A42Z&se=2026-11-07T18%3A57%3A42Z&sr=c&sp=r&sig=iN9G2rh8Hpx9rtQEo5ThQLF6%2FhP5VTMZwmkAxohoFvI%3D) [PERMUT](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/permut-function-3bd1cb9a-2880-41ab-a197-f246a7a602d3) | | PERMUTATIONA | Returns the number of permutations of a specified number of objects with repetitions. | **PERMUTATIONA**(number, number-chosen) | ![](https://cdn.us.document360.io/15548f06-2fba-434c-b0c1-5df88317dbd7/Images/Documentation/link_out_icon(3).png?sv=2026-02-06&spr=https&st=2026-11-07T17%3A57%3A42Z&se=2026-11-07T18%3A57%3A42Z&sr=c&sp=r&sig=iN9G2rh8Hpx9rtQEo5ThQLF6%2FhP5VTMZwmkAxohoFvI%3D) [PERMUTATIONA](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/permutationa-function-6c7d7fdc-d657-44e6-aa19-2857b25cae4e) | | PHI | Returns the value of the density function for a standard normal distribution. | **PHI**(x) | ![](https://cdn.us.document360.io/15548f06-2fba-434c-b0c1-5df88317dbd7/Images/Documentation/link_out_icon(3).png?sv=2026-02-06&spr=https&st=2026-11-07T17%3A57%3A42Z&se=2026-11-07T18%3A57%3A42Z&sr=c&sp=r&sig=iN9G2rh8Hpx9rtQEo5ThQLF6%2FhP5VTMZwmkAxohoFvI%3D) [PHI](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/phi-function-23e49bc6-a8e8-402d-98d3-9ded87f6295c) | | PI | Returns the value of **pi**. | **PI**() | ![](https://cdn.us.document360.io/15548f06-2fba-434c-b0c1-5df88317dbd7/Images/Documentation/link_out_icon(3).png?sv=2026-02-06&spr=https&st=2026-11-07T17%3A57%3A42Z&se=2026-11-07T18%3A57%3A42Z&sr=c&sp=r&sig=iN9G2rh8Hpx9rtQEo5ThQLF6%2FhP5VTMZwmkAxohoFvI%3D) [PI](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/pi-function-264199d0-a3ba-46b8-975a-c4a04608989b) | | PMT | Returns the periodic payment for a loan or annuity. | **PMT**(rate, nper, pv, [fv], [type]) | ![](https://cdn.us.document360.io/15548f06-2fba-434c-b0c1-5df88317dbd7/Images/Documentation/link_out_icon(3).png?sv=2026-02-06&spr=https&st=2026-11-07T17%3A57%3A42Z&se=2026-11-07T18%3A57%3A42Z&sr=c&sp=r&sig=iN9G2rh8Hpx9rtQEo5ThQLF6%2FhP5VTMZwmkAxohoFvI%3D) [PMT](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/pmt-function-0214da64-9a63-4996-bc20-214433fa6441) | | POISSON.DIST | Returns the **Poisson** distribution: the number of events occurring in a given time interval. | **POISSON.DIST**(x,mean,cumulative) | ![](https://cdn.us.document360.io/15548f06-2fba-434c-b0c1-5df88317dbd7/Images/Documentation/link_out_icon(3).png?sv=2026-02-06&spr=https&st=2026-11-07T17%3A57%3A42Z&se=2026-11-07T18%3A57%3A42Z&sr=c&sp=r&sig=iN9G2rh8Hpx9rtQEo5ThQLF6%2FhP5VTMZwmkAxohoFvI%3D) [POISSON.DIST](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/poisson-dist-function-8fe148ff-39a2-46cb-abf3-7772695d9636) | | POISSONDIST | Returns the **Poisson** distribution: the number of events occurring in a given time interval. | **POISSONDIST**(x,mean,cumulative) | ![](https://cdn.us.document360.io/15548f06-2fba-434c-b0c1-5df88317dbd7/Images/Documentation/link_out_icon(3).png?sv=2026-02-06&spr=https&st=2026-11-07T17%3A57%3A42Z&se=2026-11-07T18%3A57%3A42Z&sr=c&sp=r&sig=iN9G2rh8Hpx9rtQEo5ThQLF6%2FhP5VTMZwmkAxohoFvI%3D) [POISSONDIST](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/poisson-dist-function-8fe148ff-39a2-46cb-abf3-7772695d9636) | | POWER | Returns the result of a given number raised to a specified power. | **POWER**(number, power) | ![](https://cdn.us.document360.io/15548f06-2fba-434c-b0c1-5df88317dbd7/Images/Documentation/link_out_icon(3).png?sv=2026-02-06&spr=https&st=2026-11-07T17%3A57%3A42Z&se=2026-11-07T18%3A57%3A42Z&sr=c&sp=r&sig=iN9G2rh8Hpx9rtQEo5ThQLF6%2FhP5VTMZwmkAxohoFvI%3D) [POWER](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/power-function-d3f2908b-56f4-4c3f-895a-07fb519c362a) | | PPMT | Returns the principal portion of a loan payment for a specified period. | **PPMT**(rate, per, nper, pv, [fv], [type]) | ![](https://cdn.us.document360.io/15548f06-2fba-434c-b0c1-5df88317dbd7/Images/Documentation/link_out_icon(3).png?sv=2026-02-06&spr=https&st=2026-11-07T17%3A57%3A42Z&se=2026-11-07T18%3A57%3A42Z&sr=c&sp=r&sig=iN9G2rh8Hpx9rtQEo5ThQLF6%2FhP5VTMZwmkAxohoFvI%3D) [PPMT](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/ppmt-function-c370d9e3-7749-4ca4-beea-b06c6ac95e1b) | | PROB | Returns the probability that values in a range are between a lower and upper limit. | **PROB**(x_range, prob_range, [lower_limit], [upper_limit]) | ![](https://cdn.us.document360.io/15548f06-2fba-434c-b0c1-5df88317dbd7/Images/Documentation/link_out_icon(3).png?sv=2026-02-06&spr=https&st=2026-11-07T17%3A57%3A42Z&se=2026-11-07T18%3A57%3A42Z&sr=c&sp=r&sig=iN9G2rh8Hpx9rtQEo5ThQLF6%2FhP5VTMZwmkAxohoFvI%3D) [PROB](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/prob-function-9ac30561-c81c-4259-8253-34f0a238fc49) | | PRODUCT | Multiplies the specified values. | **PRODUCT**(number1, [number2], ...) | ![](https://cdn.us.document360.io/15548f06-2fba-434c-b0c1-5df88317dbd7/Images/Documentation/link_out_icon(3).png?sv=2026-02-06&spr=https&st=2026-11-07T17%3A57%3A42Z&se=2026-11-07T18%3A57%3A42Z&sr=c&sp=r&sig=iN9G2rh8Hpx9rtQEo5ThQLF6%2FhP5VTMZwmkAxohoFvI%3D) [PRODUCT](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/product-function-8e6b5b24-90ee-4650-aeec-80982a0512ce) | | PROPER | Capitalizes the first letter of a text string. | **PROPER**(text) | ![](https://cdn.us.document360.io/15548f06-2fba-434c-b0c1-5df88317dbd7/Images/Documentation/link_out_icon(3).png?sv=2026-02-06&spr=https&st=2026-11-07T17%3A57%3A42Z&se=2026-11-07T18%3A57%3A42Z&sr=c&sp=r&sig=iN9G2rh8Hpx9rtQEo5ThQLF6%2FhP5VTMZwmkAxohoFvI%3D) [PROPER](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/proper-function-52a5a283-e8b2-49be-8506-b2887b889f94) | | PV | Calculates the present value of a loan or investment. | **PV**(rate, nper, pmt, [fv], [type]]) | ![](https://cdn.us.document360.io/15548f06-2fba-434c-b0c1-5df88317dbd7/Images/Documentation/link_out_icon(3).png?sv=2026-02-06&spr=https&st=2026-11-07T17%3A57%3A42Z&se=2026-11-07T18%3A57%3A42Z&sr=c&sp=r&sig=iN9G2rh8Hpx9rtQEo5ThQLF6%2FhP5VTMZwmkAxohoFvI%3D) [PV](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/pv-function-23879d31-0e02-4321-be01-da16e8168cbd) | ## Q-R | [A](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#A) | [B](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#B) | [C](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#C) | [D](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#D) | [E](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#E) | [F](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#F) | [G](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#G) | [H](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#H) | [I](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#I) | J | [K](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#K-L) | [L](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#K-L) | [M](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#M) | [N](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#N-O) | [O](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#N-O) | [P](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#P) | [Q](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#Q-R) | [R](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#Q-R) | [S](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#S) | [T](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#T) | [U](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#U-V) | [V](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#U-V) | [W](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#W-Y) | [X](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#W-Y) | [Y](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#W-Y) | Z | Formula | Description | Syntax | Reference | | --- | --- | --- | --- | | QUARTILE.EXC | Returns the quartile of a dataset, based on percentile values from **0** to **1**. | **QUARTILE.EXC**(array, quart) | ![](https://cdn.us.document360.io/15548f06-2fba-434c-b0c1-5df88317dbd7/Images/Documentation/link_out_icon(3).png?sv=2026-02-06&spr=https&st=2026-11-07T17%3A57%3A42Z&se=2026-11-07T18%3A57%3A42Z&sr=c&sp=r&sig=iN9G2rh8Hpx9rtQEo5ThQLF6%2FhP5VTMZwmkAxohoFvI%3D) [QUARTILE.EXC](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/quartile-exc-function-5a355b7a-840b-4a01-b0f1-f538c2864cad) | | QUARTILE.INC | Returns the quartile for a dataset. | **QUARTILE.INC**(array,quart) | ![](https://cdn.us.document360.io/15548f06-2fba-434c-b0c1-5df88317dbd7/Images/Documentation/link_out_icon(3).png?sv=2026-02-06&spr=https&st=2026-11-07T17%3A57%3A42Z&se=2026-11-07T18%3A57%3A42Z&sr=c&sp=r&sig=iN9G2rh8Hpx9rtQEo5ThQLF6%2FhP5VTMZwmkAxohoFvI%3D) [QUARTILE.INC](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/quartile-inc-function-1bbacc80-5075-42f1-aed6-47d735c4819d) | | QUARTILEEXC | Returns the quartile of a dataset, based on percentile values from **0** to **1**. | **QUARTILEEXC**(array,quart) | ![](https://cdn.us.document360.io/15548f06-2fba-434c-b0c1-5df88317dbd7/Images/Documentation/link_out_icon(3).png?sv=2026-02-06&spr=https&st=2026-11-07T17%3A57%3A42Z&se=2026-11-07T18%3A57%3A42Z&sr=c&sp=r&sig=iN9G2rh8Hpx9rtQEo5ThQLF6%2FhP5VTMZwmkAxohoFvI%3D) [QUARTILEEXC](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/quartile-exc-function-5a355b7a-840b-4a01-b0f1-f538c2864cad) | | QUARTILEINC | Returns the quartile for a dataset. | **QUARTILEINC**(array,quart) | ![](https://cdn.us.document360.io/15548f06-2fba-434c-b0c1-5df88317dbd7/Images/Documentation/link_out_icon(3).png?sv=2026-02-06&spr=https&st=2026-11-07T17%3A57%3A42Z&se=2026-11-07T18%3A57%3A42Z&sr=c&sp=r&sig=iN9G2rh8Hpx9rtQEo5ThQLF6%2FhP5VTMZwmkAxohoFvI%3D) [QUARTILEINC](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/quartile-inc-function-1bbacc80-5075-42f1-aed6-47d735c4819d) | | QUOTIENT | Returns the integer portion of a division. | **QUOTIENT**(numerator, denominator) | ![](https://cdn.us.document360.io/15548f06-2fba-434c-b0c1-5df88317dbd7/Images/Documentation/link_out_icon(3).png?sv=2026-02-06&spr=https&st=2026-11-07T17%3A57%3A42Z&se=2026-11-07T18%3A57%3A42Z&sr=c&sp=r&sig=iN9G2rh8Hpx9rtQEo5ThQLF6%2FhP5VTMZwmkAxohoFvI%3D) [QUOTIENT](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/quotient-function-9f7bf099-2a18-4282-8fa4-65290cc99dee) | | RADIANS | Converts degrees to radians. | **RADIANS**(angle) | ![](https://cdn.us.document360.io/15548f06-2fba-434c-b0c1-5df88317dbd7/Images/Documentation/link_out_icon(3).png?sv=2026-02-06&spr=https&st=2026-11-07T17%3A57%3A42Z&se=2026-11-07T18%3A57%3A42Z&sr=c&sp=r&sig=iN9G2rh8Hpx9rtQEo5ThQLF6%2FhP5VTMZwmkAxohoFvI%3D) [RADIANS](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/radians-function-ac409508-3d48-45f5-ac02-1497c92de5bf) | | RAND | Returns a random number equal to or greater than **0**, and less than **1**. | **RAND**() | ![](https://cdn.us.document360.io/15548f06-2fba-434c-b0c1-5df88317dbd7/Images/Documentation/link_out_icon(3).png?sv=2026-02-06&spr=https&st=2026-11-07T17%3A57%3A42Z&se=2026-11-07T18%3A57%3A42Z&sr=c&sp=r&sig=iN9G2rh8Hpx9rtQEo5ThQLF6%2FhP5VTMZwmkAxohoFvI%3D) [RAND](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/rand-function-4cbfa695-8869-4788-8d90-021ea9f5be73) | | RANDBETWEEN | Returns a random number between two numbers. | **RANDBETWEEN**(bottom, top) | ![](https://cdn.us.document360.io/15548f06-2fba-434c-b0c1-5df88317dbd7/Images/Documentation/link_out_icon(3).png?sv=2026-02-06&spr=https&st=2026-11-07T17%3A57%3A42Z&se=2026-11-07T18%3A57%3A42Z&sr=c&sp=r&sig=iN9G2rh8Hpx9rtQEo5ThQLF6%2FhP5VTMZwmkAxohoFvI%3D) [RANDBETWEEN](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/randbetween-function-4cc7f0d1-87dc-4eb7-987f-a469ab381685) | | RANK.AVG | Returns the rank of a number against a list of numbers. | **RANK.AVG**(number,ref,[order]) | ![](https://cdn.us.document360.io/15548f06-2fba-434c-b0c1-5df88317dbd7/Images/Documentation/link_out_icon(3).png?sv=2026-02-06&spr=https&st=2026-11-07T17%3A57%3A42Z&se=2026-11-07T18%3A57%3A42Z&sr=c&sp=r&sig=iN9G2rh8Hpx9rtQEo5ThQLF6%2FhP5VTMZwmkAxohoFvI%3D) [RANK.AVG](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/rank-avg-function-bd406a6f-eb38-4d73-aa8e-6d1c3c72e83a) | | RANK.EQ | Returns the rank of a number against a list of numbers. Duplicate numbers receive the same rank. | **RANK.EQ**(number,ref,[order]) | ![](https://cdn.us.document360.io/15548f06-2fba-434c-b0c1-5df88317dbd7/Images/Documentation/link_out_icon(3).png?sv=2026-02-06&spr=https&st=2026-11-07T17%3A57%3A42Z&se=2026-11-07T18%3A57%3A42Z&sr=c&sp=r&sig=iN9G2rh8Hpx9rtQEo5ThQLF6%2FhP5VTMZwmkAxohoFvI%3D) [RANK.EQ](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/rank-eq-function-284858ce-8ef6-450e-b662-26245be04a40) | | RANKAVG | Returns the rank of a number against a list of numbers. | **RANKAVG**(number,ref,[order]) | ![](https://cdn.us.document360.io/15548f06-2fba-434c-b0c1-5df88317dbd7/Images/Documentation/link_out_icon(3).png?sv=2026-02-06&spr=https&st=2026-11-07T17%3A57%3A42Z&se=2026-11-07T18%3A57%3A42Z&sr=c&sp=r&sig=iN9G2rh8Hpx9rtQEo5ThQLF6%2FhP5VTMZwmkAxohoFvI%3D) [RANKAVG](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/rank-avg-function-bd406a6f-eb38-4d73-aa8e-6d1c3c72e83a) | | RANKEQ | Returns the rank of a number against a list of numbers. Duplicate numbers receive the same rank. | **RANKEQ**(number,ref,[order]) | ![](https://cdn.us.document360.io/15548f06-2fba-434c-b0c1-5df88317dbd7/Images/Documentation/link_out_icon(3).png?sv=2026-02-06&spr=https&st=2026-11-07T17%3A57%3A42Z&se=2026-11-07T18%3A57%3A42Z&sr=c&sp=r&sig=iN9G2rh8Hpx9rtQEo5ThQLF6%2FhP5VTMZwmkAxohoFvI%3D) [RANKEQ](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/rank-eq-function-284858ce-8ef6-450e-b662-26245be04a40) | | RATE | Returns the interest rate on a loan per period. | **RATE**(nper, pmt, pv, [fv], [type], [guess]) | ![](https://cdn.us.document360.io/15548f06-2fba-434c-b0c1-5df88317dbd7/Images/Documentation/link_out_icon(3).png?sv=2026-02-06&spr=https&st=2026-11-07T17%3A57%3A42Z&se=2026-11-07T18%3A57%3A42Z&sr=c&sp=r&sig=iN9G2rh8Hpx9rtQEo5ThQLF6%2FhP5VTMZwmkAxohoFvI%3D) [RATE](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/rate-function-9f665657-4a7e-4bb7-a030-83fc59e748ce) | | REPLACE | Replaces characters in a string with the specified characters and number of characters in the string. | **REPLACE**(old_text, start_num, num_chars, new_text) | ![](https://cdn.us.document360.io/15548f06-2fba-434c-b0c1-5df88317dbd7/Images/Documentation/link_out_icon(3).png?sv=2026-02-06&spr=https&st=2026-11-07T17%3A57%3A42Z&se=2026-11-07T18%3A57%3A42Z&sr=c&sp=r&sig=iN9G2rh8Hpx9rtQEo5ThQLF6%2FhP5VTMZwmkAxohoFvI%3D) [REPLACE](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/replace-replaceb-functions-8d799074-2425-4a8a-84bc-82472868878a) | | REPT | Repeats text a specified number of times. | **REPT**(text, number_times) | ![](https://cdn.us.document360.io/15548f06-2fba-434c-b0c1-5df88317dbd7/Images/Documentation/link_out_icon(3).png?sv=2026-02-06&spr=https&st=2026-11-07T17%3A57%3A42Z&se=2026-11-07T18%3A57%3A42Z&sr=c&sp=r&sig=iN9G2rh8Hpx9rtQEo5ThQLF6%2FhP5VTMZwmkAxohoFvI%3D) [REPT](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/rept-function-04c4d778-e712-43b4-9c15-d656582bb061) | | ROMAN | Converts a number to a Roman numeral. | **ROMAN**(number) | ![](https://cdn.us.document360.io/15548f06-2fba-434c-b0c1-5df88317dbd7/Images/Documentation/link_out_icon(3).png?sv=2026-02-06&spr=https&st=2026-11-07T17%3A57%3A42Z&se=2026-11-07T18%3A57%3A42Z&sr=c&sp=r&sig=iN9G2rh8Hpx9rtQEo5ThQLF6%2FhP5VTMZwmkAxohoFvI%3D) [ROMAN](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/roman-function-d6b0b99e-de46-4704-a518-b45a0f8b56f5) | | ROUND | Rounds a number to a specified number of digits. | **ROUND**(number, num_digits) | ![](https://cdn.us.document360.io/15548f06-2fba-434c-b0c1-5df88317dbd7/Images/Documentation/link_out_icon(3).png?sv=2026-02-06&spr=https&st=2026-11-07T17%3A57%3A42Z&se=2026-11-07T18%3A57%3A42Z&sr=c&sp=r&sig=iN9G2rh8Hpx9rtQEo5ThQLF6%2FhP5VTMZwmkAxohoFvI%3D) [ROUND](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/round-function-c018c5d8-40fb-4053-90b1-b3e7f61a213c) | | ROUNDDOWN | Rounds a number down toward zero. | **ROUNDDOWN**(number, num_digits) | ![](https://cdn.us.document360.io/15548f06-2fba-434c-b0c1-5df88317dbd7/Images/Documentation/link_out_icon(3).png?sv=2026-02-06&spr=https&st=2026-11-07T17%3A57%3A42Z&se=2026-11-07T18%3A57%3A42Z&sr=c&sp=r&sig=iN9G2rh8Hpx9rtQEo5ThQLF6%2FhP5VTMZwmkAxohoFvI%3D) [ROUNDDOWN](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/rounddown-function-2ec94c73-241f-4b01-8c6f-17e6d7968f53) | | ROUNDUP | Rounds a number up away from zero. | **ROUNDUP**(number, num_digits) | ![](https://cdn.us.document360.io/15548f06-2fba-434c-b0c1-5df88317dbd7/Images/Documentation/link_out_icon(3).png?sv=2026-02-06&spr=https&st=2026-11-07T17%3A57%3A42Z&se=2026-11-07T18%3A57%3A42Z&sr=c&sp=r&sig=iN9G2rh8Hpx9rtQEo5ThQLF6%2FhP5VTMZwmkAxohoFvI%3D) [ROUNDUP](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/roundup-function-f8bc9b23-e795-47db-8703-db171d0c42a7) | | ROW | Returns the row number of a reference. | **ROW**(array, index) | ![](https://cdn.us.document360.io/15548f06-2fba-434c-b0c1-5df88317dbd7/Images/Documentation/link_out_icon(3).png?sv=2026-02-06&spr=https&st=2026-11-07T17%3A57%3A42Z&se=2026-11-07T18%3A57%3A42Z&sr=c&sp=r&sig=iN9G2rh8Hpx9rtQEo5ThQLF6%2FhP5VTMZwmkAxohoFvI%3D) [ROW](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/row-function-3a63b74a-c4d0-4093-b49a-e76eb49a6d8d) | | ROWS | Returns the number of rows of a reference. | **ROWS**(array) | ![](https://cdn.us.document360.io/15548f06-2fba-434c-b0c1-5df88317dbd7/Images/Documentation/link_out_icon(3).png?sv=2026-02-06&spr=https&st=2026-11-07T17%3A57%3A42Z&se=2026-11-07T18%3A57%3A42Z&sr=c&sp=r&sig=iN9G2rh8Hpx9rtQEo5ThQLF6%2FhP5VTMZwmkAxohoFvI%3D) [ROWS](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/rows-function-b592593e-3fc2-47f2-bec1-bda493811597) | | RRI | Returns an equivalent interest rate for the growth of an investment. | **RRI**(nper, pv, fv) | ![](https://cdn.us.document360.io/15548f06-2fba-434c-b0c1-5df88317dbd7/Images/Documentation/link_out_icon(3).png?sv=2026-02-06&spr=https&st=2026-11-07T17%3A57%3A42Z&se=2026-11-07T18%3A57%3A42Z&sr=c&sp=r&sig=iN9G2rh8Hpx9rtQEo5ThQLF6%2FhP5VTMZwmkAxohoFvI%3D) [RRI](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/rri-function-6f5822d8-7ef1-4233-944c-79e8172930f4) | | RSQ | Returns the square of the **Pearson** product-moment correlation coefficient. | **RSQ**(known_y's,known_x's) | ![](https://cdn.us.document360.io/15548f06-2fba-434c-b0c1-5df88317dbd7/Images/Documentation/link_out_icon(3).png?sv=2026-02-06&spr=https&st=2026-11-07T17%3A57%3A42Z&se=2026-11-07T18%3A57%3A42Z&sr=c&sp=r&sig=iN9G2rh8Hpx9rtQEo5ThQLF6%2FhP5VTMZwmkAxohoFvI%3D) [RSQ](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/rsq-function-d7161715-250d-4a01-b80d-a8364f2be08f) | ## S | [A](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#A) | [B](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#B) | [C](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#C) | [D](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#D) | [E](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#E) | [F](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#F) | [G](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#G) | [H](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#H) | [I](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#I) | J | [K](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#K-L) | [L](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#K-L) | [M](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#M) | [N](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#N-O) | [O](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#N-O) | [P](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#P) | [Q](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#Q-R) | [R](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#Q-R) | [S](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#S) | [T](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#T) | [U](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#U-V) | [V](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#U-V) | [W](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#W-Y) | [X](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#W-Y) | [Y](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#W-Y) | Z | Formula | Description | Syntax | Reference | | --- | --- | --- | --- | | SEARCH | Locates specified text in other text (not case-sensitive). | **SEARCH**(find_text,within_text,[start_num]) | ![](https://cdn.us.document360.io/15548f06-2fba-434c-b0c1-5df88317dbd7/Images/Documentation/link_out_icon(3).png?sv=2026-02-06&spr=https&st=2026-11-07T17%3A57%3A42Z&se=2026-11-07T18%3A57%3A42Z&sr=c&sp=r&sig=iN9G2rh8Hpx9rtQEo5ThQLF6%2FhP5VTMZwmkAxohoFvI%3D) [SEARCH](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/search-searchb-functions-9ab04538-0e55-4719-a72e-b6f54513b495) | | SEC | Returns the secant of an angle. | **SEC**(number) | ![](https://cdn.us.document360.io/15548f06-2fba-434c-b0c1-5df88317dbd7/Images/Documentation/link_out_icon(3).png?sv=2026-02-06&spr=https&st=2026-11-07T17%3A57%3A42Z&se=2026-11-07T18%3A57%3A42Z&sr=c&sp=r&sig=iN9G2rh8Hpx9rtQEo5ThQLF6%2FhP5VTMZwmkAxohoFvI%3D) [SEC](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/sec-function-ff224717-9c87-4170-9b58-d069ced6d5f7) | | SECH | Returns the hyperbolic secant of an angle. | **SECH**(number) | ![](https://cdn.us.document360.io/15548f06-2fba-434c-b0c1-5df88317dbd7/Images/Documentation/link_out_icon(3).png?sv=2026-02-06&spr=https&st=2026-11-07T17%3A57%3A42Z&se=2026-11-07T18%3A57%3A42Z&sr=c&sp=r&sig=iN9G2rh8Hpx9rtQEo5ThQLF6%2FhP5VTMZwmkAxohoFvI%3D) [SECH](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/sech-function-e05a789f-5ff7-4d7f-984a-5edb9b09556f) | | SECOND | Converts a serial number to a time in seconds (0-59). | **SECOND**(serial_number) | ![](https://cdn.us.document360.io/15548f06-2fba-434c-b0c1-5df88317dbd7/Images/Documentation/link_out_icon(3).png?sv=2026-02-06&spr=https&st=2026-11-07T17%3A57%3A42Z&se=2026-11-07T18%3A57%3A42Z&sr=c&sp=r&sig=iN9G2rh8Hpx9rtQEo5ThQLF6%2FhP5VTMZwmkAxohoFvI%3D) [SECOND](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/second-function-740d1cfc-553c-4099-b668-80eaa24e8af1) | | SERIESSUM | Returns the sum of a power series. | **SERIESSUM**(x, n, m, coefficients) | ![](https://cdn.us.document360.io/15548f06-2fba-434c-b0c1-5df88317dbd7/Images/Documentation/link_out_icon(3).png?sv=2026-02-06&spr=https&st=2026-11-07T17%3A57%3A42Z&se=2026-11-07T18%3A57%3A42Z&sr=c&sp=r&sig=iN9G2rh8Hpx9rtQEo5ThQLF6%2FhP5VTMZwmkAxohoFvI%3D) [SERIESSUM](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/seriessum-function-a3ab25b5-1093-4f5b-b084-96c49087f637) | | SIGN | Returns the sign of a real number. | **SIGN**(number) | ![](https://cdn.us.document360.io/15548f06-2fba-434c-b0c1-5df88317dbd7/Images/Documentation/link_out_icon(3).png?sv=2026-02-06&spr=https&st=2026-11-07T17%3A57%3A42Z&se=2026-11-07T18%3A57%3A42Z&sr=c&sp=r&sig=iN9G2rh8Hpx9rtQEo5ThQLF6%2FhP5VTMZwmkAxohoFvI%3D) [SIGN](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/sign-function-109c932d-fcdc-4023-91f1-2dd0e916a1d8) | | SIN | Returns the sine of a number. | **SIN**(number) | ![](https://cdn.us.document360.io/15548f06-2fba-434c-b0c1-5df88317dbd7/Images/Documentation/link_out_icon(3).png?sv=2026-02-06&spr=https&st=2026-11-07T17%3A57%3A42Z&se=2026-11-07T18%3A57%3A42Z&sr=c&sp=r&sig=iN9G2rh8Hpx9rtQEo5ThQLF6%2FhP5VTMZwmkAxohoFvI%3D) [SIN](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/sin-function-cf0e3432-8b9e-483c-bc55-a76651c95602) | | SINH | Returns the hyperbolic sine of a number. | **SINH**(number) | ![](https://cdn.us.document360.io/15548f06-2fba-434c-b0c1-5df88317dbd7/Images/Documentation/link_out_icon(3).png?sv=2026-02-06&spr=https&st=2026-11-07T17%3A57%3A42Z&se=2026-11-07T18%3A57%3A42Z&sr=c&sp=r&sig=iN9G2rh8Hpx9rtQEo5ThQLF6%2FhP5VTMZwmkAxohoFvI%3D) [SINH](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/sinh-function-1e4e8b9f-2b65-43fc-ab8a-0a37f4081fa7) | | SKEW | Returns the skewness of a distribution for a dataset. | **SKEW**(number1, [number2], ...) | ![](https://cdn.us.document360.io/15548f06-2fba-434c-b0c1-5df88317dbd7/Images/Documentation/link_out_icon(3).png?sv=2026-02-06&spr=https&st=2026-11-07T17%3A57%3A42Z&se=2026-11-07T18%3A57%3A42Z&sr=c&sp=r&sig=iN9G2rh8Hpx9rtQEo5ThQLF6%2FhP5VTMZwmkAxohoFvI%3D) [SKEW](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/skew-function-bdf49d86-b1ef-4804-a046-28eaea69c9fa) | | SKEW.P | Returns the skewness of a distribution for a dataset based on a population. Used when determining the characterization of the degree of asymmetry of a distribution around its mean. | **SKEW.P**(number1, [number2], ...) | ![](https://cdn.us.document360.io/15548f06-2fba-434c-b0c1-5df88317dbd7/Images/Documentation/link_out_icon(3).png?sv=2026-02-06&spr=https&st=2026-11-07T17%3A57%3A42Z&se=2026-11-07T18%3A57%3A42Z&sr=c&sp=r&sig=iN9G2rh8Hpx9rtQEo5ThQLF6%2FhP5VTMZwmkAxohoFvI%3D) [SKEW.P](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/skew-p-function-76530a5c-99b9-48a1-8392-26632d542fcb) | | SKEWP | Returns the skewness of a distribution for a data set based on a population. Used when determining the characterization of the degree of asymmetry of a distribution around its mean. | **SKEWP**(number1, [number2], ...) | ![](https://cdn.us.document360.io/15548f06-2fba-434c-b0c1-5df88317dbd7/Images/Documentation/link_out_icon(3).png?sv=2026-02-06&spr=https&st=2026-11-07T17%3A57%3A42Z&se=2026-11-07T18%3A57%3A42Z&sr=c&sp=r&sig=iN9G2rh8Hpx9rtQEo5ThQLF6%2FhP5VTMZwmkAxohoFvI%3D) [SKEWP](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/skew-p-function-76530a5c-99b9-48a1-8392-26632d542fcb) | | SLN | Returns the depreciation of an asset for one period using straight-line depreciation. | **SLN**(cost, salvage, life) | ![](https://cdn.us.document360.io/15548f06-2fba-434c-b0c1-5df88317dbd7/Images/Documentation/link_out_icon(3).png?sv=2026-02-06&spr=https&st=2026-11-07T17%3A57%3A42Z&se=2026-11-07T18%3A57%3A42Z&sr=c&sp=r&sig=iN9G2rh8Hpx9rtQEo5ThQLF6%2FhP5VTMZwmkAxohoFvI%3D) [SLN](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/sln-function-cdb666e5-c1c6-40a7-806a-e695edc2f1c8) | | SLOPE | Returns the slope of the linear regression line. | **SLOPE**(known_y's, known_x's) | ![](https://cdn.us.document360.io/15548f06-2fba-434c-b0c1-5df88317dbd7/Images/Documentation/link_out_icon(3).png?sv=2026-02-06&spr=https&st=2026-11-07T17%3A57%3A42Z&se=2026-11-07T18%3A57%3A42Z&sr=c&sp=r&sig=iN9G2rh8Hpx9rtQEo5ThQLF6%2FhP5VTMZwmkAxohoFvI%3D) [SLOPE](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/slope-function-11fb8f97-3117-4813-98aa-61d7e01276b9) | | SMALL | Returns the smallest value in a list. | **SMALL**(array, k) | ![](https://cdn.us.document360.io/15548f06-2fba-434c-b0c1-5df88317dbd7/Images/Documentation/link_out_icon(3).png?sv=2026-02-06&spr=https&st=2026-11-07T17%3A57%3A42Z&se=2026-11-07T18%3A57%3A42Z&sr=c&sp=r&sig=iN9G2rh8Hpx9rtQEo5ThQLF6%2FhP5VTMZwmkAxohoFvI%3D) [SMALL](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/small-function-17da8222-7c82-42b2-961b-14c45384df07) | | SQRT | Returns a positive square root. | **SQRT**(number) | ![](https://cdn.us.document360.io/15548f06-2fba-434c-b0c1-5df88317dbd7/Images/Documentation/link_out_icon(3).png?sv=2026-02-06&spr=https&st=2026-11-07T17%3A57%3A42Z&se=2026-11-07T18%3A57%3A42Z&sr=c&sp=r&sig=iN9G2rh8Hpx9rtQEo5ThQLF6%2FhP5VTMZwmkAxohoFvI%3D) [SQRT](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/sqrt-function-654975c2-05c4-4831-9a24-2c65e4040fdf) | | SQRTPI | Returns the square root of (number * pi). | **SQRTPI**(number) | ![](https://cdn.us.document360.io/15548f06-2fba-434c-b0c1-5df88317dbd7/Images/Documentation/link_out_icon(3).png?sv=2026-02-06&spr=https&st=2026-11-07T17%3A57%3A42Z&se=2026-11-07T18%3A57%3A42Z&sr=c&sp=r&sig=iN9G2rh8Hpx9rtQEo5ThQLF6%2FhP5VTMZwmkAxohoFvI%3D) [SQRTPI](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/sqrtpi-function-1fb4e63f-9b51-46d6-ad68-b3e7a8b519b4) | | STANDARDIZE | Returns a normalized value. | **STANDARDIZE**(x, mean, standard_dev) | ![](https://cdn.us.document360.io/15548f06-2fba-434c-b0c1-5df88317dbd7/Images/Documentation/link_out_icon(3).png?sv=2026-02-06&spr=https&st=2026-11-07T17%3A57%3A42Z&se=2026-11-07T18%3A57%3A42Z&sr=c&sp=r&sig=iN9G2rh8Hpx9rtQEo5ThQLF6%2FhP5VTMZwmkAxohoFvI%3D) [STANDARDIZE](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/standardize-function-81d66554-2d54-40ec-ba83-6437108ee775) | | STDEV.P | Calculates standard deviation based on the whole population. | **STDEV.P**(number1,[number2],...) | ![](https://cdn.us.document360.io/15548f06-2fba-434c-b0c1-5df88317dbd7/Images/Documentation/link_out_icon(3).png?sv=2026-02-06&spr=https&st=2026-11-07T17%3A57%3A42Z&se=2026-11-07T18%3A57%3A42Z&sr=c&sp=r&sig=iN9G2rh8Hpx9rtQEo5ThQLF6%2FhP5VTMZwmkAxohoFvI%3D) [STDEV.P](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/stdev-p-function-6e917c05-31a0-496f-ade7-4f4e7462f285) | | STDEV.S | Estimates the standard deviation based on a sample. | **STDEV.S**(number1,[number2],...) | ![](https://cdn.us.document360.io/15548f06-2fba-434c-b0c1-5df88317dbd7/Images/Documentation/link_out_icon(3).png?sv=2026-02-06&spr=https&st=2026-11-07T17%3A57%3A42Z&se=2026-11-07T18%3A57%3A42Z&sr=c&sp=r&sig=iN9G2rh8Hpx9rtQEo5ThQLF6%2FhP5VTMZwmkAxohoFvI%3D) [STDEV.S](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/stdev-s-function-7d69cf97-0c1f-4acf-be27-f3e83904cc23) | | STDEVA | Estimates the standard deviation based on a sample of numbers, text, and logical values. | **STDEVA**(value1, [value2], ...) | ![](https://cdn.us.document360.io/15548f06-2fba-434c-b0c1-5df88317dbd7/Images/Documentation/link_out_icon(3).png?sv=2026-02-06&spr=https&st=2026-11-07T17%3A57%3A42Z&se=2026-11-07T18%3A57%3A42Z&sr=c&sp=r&sig=iN9G2rh8Hpx9rtQEo5ThQLF6%2FhP5VTMZwmkAxohoFvI%3D) [STDEVA](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/stdeva-function-5ff38888-7ea5-48de-9a6d-11ed73b29e9d) | | STDEVP | Calculates standard deviation based on the whole population. | **STDEVP**(number1,[number2],...) | ![](https://cdn.us.document360.io/15548f06-2fba-434c-b0c1-5df88317dbd7/Images/Documentation/link_out_icon(3).png?sv=2026-02-06&spr=https&st=2026-11-07T17%3A57%3A42Z&se=2026-11-07T18%3A57%3A42Z&sr=c&sp=r&sig=iN9G2rh8Hpx9rtQEo5ThQLF6%2FhP5VTMZwmkAxohoFvI%3D) [STDEVP](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/stdevp-function-1f7c1c88-1bec-4422-8242-e9f7dc8bb195) | | STDEVPA | Calculates standard deviation based on the whole population, including numbers, text, and logical values. | **STDEVPA**(value1, [value2], ...) | ![](https://cdn.us.document360.io/15548f06-2fba-434c-b0c1-5df88317dbd7/Images/Documentation/link_out_icon(3).png?sv=2026-02-06&spr=https&st=2026-11-07T17%3A57%3A42Z&se=2026-11-07T18%3A57%3A42Z&sr=c&sp=r&sig=iN9G2rh8Hpx9rtQEo5ThQLF6%2FhP5VTMZwmkAxohoFvI%3D) [STDEVPA](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/stdevpa-function-5578d4d6-455a-4308-9991-d405afe2c28c) | | STDEVS | Estimates the standard deviation based on a sample. | **STDEVS**(number1,[number2],...) | ![](https://cdn.us.document360.io/15548f06-2fba-434c-b0c1-5df88317dbd7/Images/Documentation/link_out_icon(3).png?sv=2026-02-06&spr=https&st=2026-11-07T17%3A57%3A42Z&se=2026-11-07T18%3A57%3A42Z&sr=c&sp=r&sig=iN9G2rh8Hpx9rtQEo5ThQLF6%2FhP5VTMZwmkAxohoFvI%3D) [STDEVS](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/stdev-s-function-7d69cf97-0c1f-4acf-be27-f3e83904cc23) | | STEYX | Calculates the standard error or the error amount in the prediction of **y** for an **x**. | **STEYX**(known_y's, known_x's) | ![](https://cdn.us.document360.io/15548f06-2fba-434c-b0c1-5df88317dbd7/Images/Documentation/link_out_icon(3).png?sv=2026-02-06&spr=https&st=2026-11-07T17%3A57%3A42Z&se=2026-11-07T18%3A57%3A42Z&sr=c&sp=r&sig=iN9G2rh8Hpx9rtQEo5ThQLF6%2FhP5VTMZwmkAxohoFvI%3D) [STEYX](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/steyx-function-6ce74b2c-449d-4a6e-b9ac-f9cef5ba48ab) | | SUBSTITUTE | Substitutes new text for old text in a text string. | **SUBSTITUTE**(text, old_text, new_text, [instance_num]) | ![](https://cdn.us.document360.io/15548f06-2fba-434c-b0c1-5df88317dbd7/Images/Documentation/link_out_icon(3).png?sv=2026-02-06&spr=https&st=2026-11-07T17%3A57%3A42Z&se=2026-11-07T18%3A57%3A42Z&sr=c&sp=r&sig=iN9G2rh8Hpx9rtQEo5ThQLF6%2FhP5VTMZwmkAxohoFvI%3D) [SUBSTITUTE](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/substitute-function-6434944e-a904-4336-a9b0-1e58df3bc332) | | SUBTOTAL | Returns a subtotal for a list or database. | **SUBTOTAL**(function_num,ref) | ![](https://cdn.us.document360.io/15548f06-2fba-434c-b0c1-5df88317dbd7/Images/Documentation/link_out_icon(3).png?sv=2026-02-06&spr=https&st=2026-11-07T17%3A57%3A42Z&se=2026-11-07T18%3A57%3A42Z&sr=c&sp=r&sig=iN9G2rh8Hpx9rtQEo5ThQLF6%2FhP5VTMZwmkAxohoFvI%3D) [SUBTOTAL](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/subtotal-function-7b027003-f060-4ade-9040-e478765b9939) | | SUM | Sums the values of the specified cells. | **SUM**(number1,[number2],...) | ![](https://cdn.us.document360.io/15548f06-2fba-434c-b0c1-5df88317dbd7/Images/Documentation/link_out_icon(3).png?sv=2026-02-06&spr=https&st=2026-11-07T17%3A57%3A42Z&se=2026-11-07T18%3A57%3A42Z&sr=c&sp=r&sig=iN9G2rh8Hpx9rtQEo5ThQLF6%2FhP5VTMZwmkAxohoFvI%3D) [SUM](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/sum-function-043e1c7d-7726-4e80-8f32-07b23e057f89) | | SUMIF | Adds the cells specified by a given criteria. | **SUMIF**(range, criteria) | ![](https://cdn.us.document360.io/15548f06-2fba-434c-b0c1-5df88317dbd7/Images/Documentation/link_out_icon(3).png?sv=2026-02-06&spr=https&st=2026-11-07T17%3A57%3A42Z&se=2026-11-07T18%3A57%3A42Z&sr=c&sp=r&sig=iN9G2rh8Hpx9rtQEo5ThQLF6%2FhP5VTMZwmkAxohoFvI%3D) [SUMIF](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/sumif-function-169b8c99-c05c-4483-a712-1697a653039b) | | SUMIFS | Adds the contents of cells in a range that meets multiple criteria. | **SUMIFS**(sum_range, criteria_range1, criteria1, [criteria_range2, criteria2], ...) | ![](https://cdn.us.document360.io/15548f06-2fba-434c-b0c1-5df88317dbd7/Images/Documentation/link_out_icon(3).png?sv=2026-02-06&spr=https&st=2026-11-07T17%3A57%3A42Z&se=2026-11-07T18%3A57%3A42Z&sr=c&sp=r&sig=iN9G2rh8Hpx9rtQEo5ThQLF6%2FhP5VTMZwmkAxohoFvI%3D) [SUMIFS](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/sumifs-function-c9e748f5-7ea7-455d-9406-611cebce642b) | | SUMPRODUCT | Returns the sum of the products of corresponding array components. | **SUMPRODUCT**(array1, [array2], [array3], ...) | ![](https://cdn.us.document360.io/15548f06-2fba-434c-b0c1-5df88317dbd7/Images/Documentation/link_out_icon(3).png?sv=2026-02-06&spr=https&st=2026-11-07T17%3A57%3A42Z&se=2026-11-07T18%3A57%3A42Z&sr=c&sp=r&sig=iN9G2rh8Hpx9rtQEo5ThQLF6%2FhP5VTMZwmkAxohoFvI%3D) [SUMPRODUCT](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/sumproduct-function-16753e75-9f68-4874-94ac-4d2145a2fd2e) | | SUMSQ | Returns the sum of the squares for a series of values. | **SUMSQ**(number1, [number2], ...) | ![](https://cdn.us.document360.io/15548f06-2fba-434c-b0c1-5df88317dbd7/Images/Documentation/link_out_icon(3).png?sv=2026-02-06&spr=https&st=2026-11-07T17%3A57%3A42Z&se=2026-11-07T18%3A57%3A42Z&sr=c&sp=r&sig=iN9G2rh8Hpx9rtQEo5ThQLF6%2FhP5VTMZwmkAxohoFvI%3D) [SUMSQ](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/sumsq-function-e3313c02-51cc-4963-aae6-31442d9ec307) | | SUMX2MY2 | Returns the sum of the differences of squares of corresponding values in two arrays. | **SUMX2MY2**(array_x, array_y) | ![](https://cdn.us.document360.io/15548f06-2fba-434c-b0c1-5df88317dbd7/Images/Documentation/link_out_icon(3).png?sv=2026-02-06&spr=https&st=2026-11-07T17%3A57%3A42Z&se=2026-11-07T18%3A57%3A42Z&sr=c&sp=r&sig=iN9G2rh8Hpx9rtQEo5ThQLF6%2FhP5VTMZwmkAxohoFvI%3D) [SUMX2MY2](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/sumx2my2-function-9e599cc5-5399-48e9-a5e0-e37812dfa3e9) | | SUMX2PY2 | Calculates the sum of squares and returns the sum of the squares of corresponding items. | **SUMX2PY2**(array_x, array_y) | ![](https://cdn.us.document360.io/15548f06-2fba-434c-b0c1-5df88317dbd7/Images/Documentation/link_out_icon(3).png?sv=2026-02-06&spr=https&st=2026-11-07T17%3A57%3A42Z&se=2026-11-07T18%3A57%3A42Z&sr=c&sp=r&sig=iN9G2rh8Hpx9rtQEo5ThQLF6%2FhP5VTMZwmkAxohoFvI%3D) [SUMX2PY2](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/sumx2py2-function-826b60b4-0aa2-4e5e-81d2-be704d3d786f) | | SUMXMY2 | Returns the sum of squares of differences of corresponding values in two arrays. | **SUMXMY2**(array_x, array_y) | ![](https://cdn.us.document360.io/15548f06-2fba-434c-b0c1-5df88317dbd7/Images/Documentation/link_out_icon(3).png?sv=2026-02-06&spr=https&st=2026-11-07T17%3A57%3A42Z&se=2026-11-07T18%3A57%3A42Z&sr=c&sp=r&sig=iN9G2rh8Hpx9rtQEo5ThQLF6%2FhP5VTMZwmkAxohoFvI%3D) [SUMXMY2](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/sumxmy2-function-9d144ac1-4d79-43de-b524-e2ecee23b299) | | SWITCH | Returns the first matching value when comparing one value against a list of values. | **SWITCH**(expression1, value1, [expression2, value2], ...) | ![](https://cdn.us.document360.io/15548f06-2fba-434c-b0c1-5df88317dbd7/Images/Documentation/link_out_icon(3).png?sv=2026-02-06&spr=https&st=2026-11-07T17%3A57%3A42Z&se=2026-11-07T18%3A57%3A42Z&sr=c&sp=r&sig=iN9G2rh8Hpx9rtQEo5ThQLF6%2FhP5VTMZwmkAxohoFvI%3D) [SWITCH](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/switch-function-47ab33c0-28ce-4530-8a45-d532ec4aa25e) | | SYD | Returns the sum-of-years depreciation of an asset for a specified period. | **SYD**(cost, salvage, life, per) | ![](https://cdn.us.document360.io/15548f06-2fba-434c-b0c1-5df88317dbd7/Images/Documentation/link_out_icon(3).png?sv=2026-02-06&spr=https&st=2026-11-07T17%3A57%3A42Z&se=2026-11-07T18%3A57%3A42Z&sr=c&sp=r&sig=iN9G2rh8Hpx9rtQEo5ThQLF6%2FhP5VTMZwmkAxohoFvI%3D) [SYD](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/syd-function-069f8106-b60b-4ca2-98e0-2a0f206bdb27) | ## T | [A](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#A) | [B](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#B) | [C](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#C) | [D](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#D) | [E](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#E) | [F](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#F) | [G](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#G) | [H](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#H) | [I](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#I) | J | [K](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#K-L) | [L](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#K-L) | [M](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#M) | [N](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#N-O) | [O](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#N-O) | [P](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#P) | [Q](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#Q-R) | [R](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#Q-R) | [S](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#S) | [T](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#T) | [U](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#U-V) | [V](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#U-V) | [W](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#W-Y) | [X](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#W-Y) | [Y](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#W-Y) | Z | Formula | Description | Syntax | Reference | | --- | --- | --- | --- | | T | Returns a value for the referenced text. | **T**(value) | ![](https://cdn.us.document360.io/15548f06-2fba-434c-b0c1-5df88317dbd7/Images/Documentation/link_out_icon(3).png?sv=2026-02-06&spr=https&st=2026-11-07T17%3A57%3A42Z&se=2026-11-07T18%3A57%3A42Z&sr=c&sp=r&sig=iN9G2rh8Hpx9rtQEo5ThQLF6%2FhP5VTMZwmkAxohoFvI%3D) [T](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/t-function-fb83aeec-45e7-4924-af95-53e073541228) | | T.DIST | Returns the student's left-tailed t-distribution. | **T.DIST**(x,deg_freedom, cumulative) | ![](https://cdn.us.document360.io/15548f06-2fba-434c-b0c1-5df88317dbd7/Images/Documentation/link_out_icon(3).png?sv=2026-02-06&spr=https&st=2026-11-07T17%3A57%3A42Z&se=2026-11-07T18%3A57%3A42Z&sr=c&sp=r&sig=iN9G2rh8Hpx9rtQEo5ThQLF6%2FhP5VTMZwmkAxohoFvI%3D) [T.DIST](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/t-dist-function-4329459f-ae91-48c2-bba8-1ead1c6c21b2) | | T.DIST.2T | Returns the student's two-tailed t-distribution. | **T.DIST.2T**(x,deg_freedom) | ![](https://cdn.us.document360.io/15548f06-2fba-434c-b0c1-5df88317dbd7/Images/Documentation/link_out_icon(3).png?sv=2026-02-06&spr=https&st=2026-11-07T17%3A57%3A42Z&se=2026-11-07T18%3A57%3A42Z&sr=c&sp=r&sig=iN9G2rh8Hpx9rtQEo5ThQLF6%2FhP5VTMZwmkAxohoFvI%3D) [T.DIST.2T](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/t-dist-2t-function-198e9340-e360-4230-bd21-f52f22ff5c28) | | T.DIST.RT | Returns the student's right-tailed t-distribution. | **T.DIST.RT**(x,deg_freedom) | ![](https://cdn.us.document360.io/15548f06-2fba-434c-b0c1-5df88317dbd7/Images/Documentation/link_out_icon(3).png?sv=2026-02-06&spr=https&st=2026-11-07T17%3A57%3A42Z&se=2026-11-07T18%3A57%3A42Z&sr=c&sp=r&sig=iN9G2rh8Hpx9rtQEo5ThQLF6%2FhP5VTMZwmkAxohoFvI%3D) [T.DIST.RT](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/t-dist-rt-function-20a30020-86f9-4b35-af1f-7ef6ae683eda) | | T.INV | Returns the inverse of the student's left-tailed t-distribution. | **T.INV**(probability,deg_freedom) | ![](https://cdn.us.document360.io/15548f06-2fba-434c-b0c1-5df88317dbd7/Images/Documentation/link_out_icon(3).png?sv=2026-02-06&spr=https&st=2026-11-07T17%3A57%3A42Z&se=2026-11-07T18%3A57%3A42Z&sr=c&sp=r&sig=iN9G2rh8Hpx9rtQEo5ThQLF6%2FhP5VTMZwmkAxohoFvI%3D) [T.INV](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/t-inv-function-2908272b-4e61-4942-9df9-a25fec9b0e2e) | | T.INV.2T | Returns the inverse of the student's two-tailed t-distribution. | **T.INV.2T**(probability,deg_freedom) | ![](https://cdn.us.document360.io/15548f06-2fba-434c-b0c1-5df88317dbd7/Images/Documentation/link_out_icon(3).png?sv=2026-02-06&spr=https&st=2026-11-07T17%3A57%3A42Z&se=2026-11-07T18%3A57%3A42Z&sr=c&sp=r&sig=iN9G2rh8Hpx9rtQEo5ThQLF6%2FhP5VTMZwmkAxohoFvI%3D) [T.INV.2T](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/t-inv-2t-function-ce72ea19-ec6c-4be7-bed2-b9baf2264f17) | | TAN | Returns the tangent of a number. | **TAN**(number) | ![](https://cdn.us.document360.io/15548f06-2fba-434c-b0c1-5df88317dbd7/Images/Documentation/link_out_icon(3).png?sv=2026-02-06&spr=https&st=2026-11-07T17%3A57%3A42Z&se=2026-11-07T18%3A57%3A42Z&sr=c&sp=r&sig=iN9G2rh8Hpx9rtQEo5ThQLF6%2FhP5VTMZwmkAxohoFvI%3D) [TAN](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/tan-function-08851a40-179f-4052-b789-d7f699447401) | | TANH | Returns the hyperbolic tangent of a number. | **TANH**(number) | ![](https://cdn.us.document360.io/15548f06-2fba-434c-b0c1-5df88317dbd7/Images/Documentation/link_out_icon(3).png?sv=2026-02-06&spr=https&st=2026-11-07T17%3A57%3A42Z&se=2026-11-07T18%3A57%3A42Z&sr=c&sp=r&sig=iN9G2rh8Hpx9rtQEo5ThQLF6%2FhP5VTMZwmkAxohoFvI%3D) [TANH](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/tanh-function-017222f0-a0c3-4f69-9787-b3202295dc6c) | | TBILLEQ | Returns the bond-equivalent for a Treasury bill. | **TBILLEQ**(settlement, maturity, discount) | ![](https://cdn.us.document360.io/15548f06-2fba-434c-b0c1-5df88317dbd7/Images/Documentation/link_out_icon(3).png?sv=2026-02-06&spr=https&st=2026-11-07T17%3A57%3A42Z&se=2026-11-07T18%3A57%3A42Z&sr=c&sp=r&sig=iN9G2rh8Hpx9rtQEo5ThQLF6%2FhP5VTMZwmkAxohoFvI%3D) [TBILLEQ](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/tbilleq-function-2ab72d90-9b4d-4efe-9fc2-0f81f2c19c8c) | | TBILLPRICE | Returns the price per $100 of face value for a Treasury bill. | **TBILLPRICE**(settlement, maturity, discount) | ![](https://cdn.us.document360.io/15548f06-2fba-434c-b0c1-5df88317dbd7/Images/Documentation/link_out_icon(3).png?sv=2026-02-06&spr=https&st=2026-11-07T17%3A57%3A42Z&se=2026-11-07T18%3A57%3A42Z&sr=c&sp=r&sig=iN9G2rh8Hpx9rtQEo5ThQLF6%2FhP5VTMZwmkAxohoFvI%3D) [TBILLPRICE](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/tbillprice-function-eacca992-c29d-425a-9eb8-0513fe6035a2) | | TBILLYIELD | Returns the yield for a Treasury bill. | **TBILLYIELD**(settlement, maturity, pr) | ![](https://cdn.us.document360.io/15548f06-2fba-434c-b0c1-5df88317dbd7/Images/Documentation/link_out_icon(3).png?sv=2026-02-06&spr=https&st=2026-11-07T17%3A57%3A42Z&se=2026-11-07T18%3A57%3A42Z&sr=c&sp=r&sig=iN9G2rh8Hpx9rtQEo5ThQLF6%2FhP5VTMZwmkAxohoFvI%3D) [TBILLYIELD](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/tbillyield-function-6d381232-f4b0-4cd5-8e97-45b9c03468ba) | | TDIST | Returns the student's left-tailed t-distribution. | **TDIST**(x,deg_freedom, cumulative) | ![](https://cdn.us.document360.io/15548f06-2fba-434c-b0c1-5df88317dbd7/Images/Documentation/link_out_icon(3).png?sv=2026-02-06&spr=https&st=2026-11-07T17%3A57%3A42Z&se=2026-11-07T18%3A57%3A42Z&sr=c&sp=r&sig=iN9G2rh8Hpx9rtQEo5ThQLF6%2FhP5VTMZwmkAxohoFvI%3D) [TDIST](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/tdist-function-630a7695-4021-4853-9468-4a1f9dcdd192) | | TDIST2T | Returns the student's two-tailed t-distribution. | **TDIST2T**(x,deg_freedom) | ![](https://cdn.us.document360.io/15548f06-2fba-434c-b0c1-5df88317dbd7/Images/Documentation/link_out_icon(3).png?sv=2026-02-06&spr=https&st=2026-11-07T17%3A57%3A42Z&se=2026-11-07T18%3A57%3A42Z&sr=c&sp=r&sig=iN9G2rh8Hpx9rtQEo5ThQLF6%2FhP5VTMZwmkAxohoFvI%3D) [TDIST2T](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/t-dist-2t-function-198e9340-e360-4230-bd21-f52f22ff5c28) | | TDISTRT | Returns the student's right-tailed t-distribution. | **TDISTRT**(x,deg_freedom) | ![](https://cdn.us.document360.io/15548f06-2fba-434c-b0c1-5df88317dbd7/Images/Documentation/link_out_icon(3).png?sv=2026-02-06&spr=https&st=2026-11-07T17%3A57%3A42Z&se=2026-11-07T18%3A57%3A42Z&sr=c&sp=r&sig=iN9G2rh8Hpx9rtQEo5ThQLF6%2FhP5VTMZwmkAxohoFvI%3D) [TDISTRT](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/t-dist-rt-function-20a30020-86f9-4b35-af1f-7ef6ae683eda) | | TEXT | Converts a number to text. | **TEXT**(value, format_text) | ![](https://cdn.us.document360.io/15548f06-2fba-434c-b0c1-5df88317dbd7/Images/Documentation/link_out_icon(3).png?sv=2026-02-06&spr=https&st=2026-11-07T17%3A57%3A42Z&se=2026-11-07T18%3A57%3A42Z&sr=c&sp=r&sig=iN9G2rh8Hpx9rtQEo5ThQLF6%2FhP5VTMZwmkAxohoFvI%3D) [TEXT](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/text-function-20d5ac4d-7b94-49fd-bb38-93d29371225c) | | TEXTJOIN | Combines multiple variables or strings into one string. | **TEXTJOIN**(delimiter, ignore_empty, text1, [text2], …) | ![](https://cdn.us.document360.io/15548f06-2fba-434c-b0c1-5df88317dbd7/Images/Documentation/link_out_icon(3).png?sv=2026-02-06&spr=https&st=2026-11-07T17%3A57%3A42Z&se=2026-11-07T18%3A57%3A42Z&sr=c&sp=r&sig=iN9G2rh8Hpx9rtQEo5ThQLF6%2FhP5VTMZwmkAxohoFvI%3D) [TEXTJOIN](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/textjoin-function-357b449a-ec91-49d0-80c3-0e8fc845691c) | | TIME | Converts a specified time into a serial number. | **TIME**(hour, minute, second) | ![](https://cdn.us.document360.io/15548f06-2fba-434c-b0c1-5df88317dbd7/Images/Documentation/link_out_icon(3).png?sv=2026-02-06&spr=https&st=2026-11-07T17%3A57%3A42Z&se=2026-11-07T18%3A57%3A42Z&sr=c&sp=r&sig=iN9G2rh8Hpx9rtQEo5ThQLF6%2FhP5VTMZwmkAxohoFvI%3D) [TIME](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/time-function-9a5aff99-8f7d-4611-845e-747d0b8d5457) | | TIMEVALUE | Converts a specified time in text format into a serial number. | **TIMEVALUE**(time_text) | ![](https://cdn.us.document360.io/15548f06-2fba-434c-b0c1-5df88317dbd7/Images/Documentation/link_out_icon(3).png?sv=2026-02-06&spr=https&st=2026-11-07T17%3A57%3A42Z&se=2026-11-07T18%3A57%3A42Z&sr=c&sp=r&sig=iN9G2rh8Hpx9rtQEo5ThQLF6%2FhP5VTMZwmkAxohoFvI%3D) [TIMEVALUE](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/timevalue-function-0b615c12-33d8-4431-bf3d-f3eb6d186645) | | TINV | Returns the inverse of the student's left-tailed t-distribution. | **TINV**(probability,deg_freedom) | ![](https://cdn.us.document360.io/15548f06-2fba-434c-b0c1-5df88317dbd7/Images/Documentation/link_out_icon(3).png?sv=2026-02-06&spr=https&st=2026-11-07T17%3A57%3A42Z&se=2026-11-07T18%3A57%3A42Z&sr=c&sp=r&sig=iN9G2rh8Hpx9rtQEo5ThQLF6%2FhP5VTMZwmkAxohoFvI%3D) [TINV](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/tinv-function-a7c85b9d-90f5-41fe-9ca5-1cd2f3e1ed7c) | | TINV2T | Returns the inverse of the student's two-tailed t-distribution. | **TINV2T**(probability,deg_freedom) | ![](https://cdn.us.document360.io/15548f06-2fba-434c-b0c1-5df88317dbd7/Images/Documentation/link_out_icon(3).png?sv=2026-02-06&spr=https&st=2026-11-07T17%3A57%3A42Z&se=2026-11-07T18%3A57%3A42Z&sr=c&sp=r&sig=iN9G2rh8Hpx9rtQEo5ThQLF6%2FhP5VTMZwmkAxohoFvI%3D) [TINV2T](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/t-inv-2t-function-ce72ea19-ec6c-4be7-bed2-b9baf2264f17) | | TODAY | Returns the serial number of today's date. | **TODAY**() | ![](https://cdn.us.document360.io/15548f06-2fba-434c-b0c1-5df88317dbd7/Images/Documentation/link_out_icon(3).png?sv=2026-02-06&spr=https&st=2026-11-07T17%3A57%3A42Z&se=2026-11-07T18%3A57%3A42Z&sr=c&sp=r&sig=iN9G2rh8Hpx9rtQEo5ThQLF6%2FhP5VTMZwmkAxohoFvI%3D) [TODAY](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/today-function-5eb3078d-a82c-4736-8930-2f51a028fdd9) | | TRANSPOSE | Converts a range from vertical to horizontal, or horizontal to vertical. | **TRANSPOSE**(Array) | ![](https://cdn.us.document360.io/15548f06-2fba-434c-b0c1-5df88317dbd7/Images/Documentation/link_out_icon(3).png?sv=2026-02-06&spr=https&st=2026-11-07T17%3A57%3A42Z&se=2026-11-07T18%3A57%3A42Z&sr=c&sp=r&sig=iN9G2rh8Hpx9rtQEo5ThQLF6%2FhP5VTMZwmkAxohoFvI%3D) [TRANSPOSE](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/transpose-function-ed039415-ed8a-4a81-93e9-4b6dfac76027) | | TREND | Returns values along a linear trend. | **TREND**(known_y's, known_x's, new_x's) | ![](https://cdn.us.document360.io/15548f06-2fba-434c-b0c1-5df88317dbd7/Images/Documentation/link_out_icon(3).png?sv=2026-02-06&spr=https&st=2026-11-07T17%3A57%3A42Z&se=2026-11-07T18%3A57%3A42Z&sr=c&sp=r&sig=iN9G2rh8Hpx9rtQEo5ThQLF6%2FhP5VTMZwmkAxohoFvI%3D) [TREND](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/trend-function-e2f135f0-8827-4096-9873-9a7cf7b51ef1) | | TRIM | Removes spaces from text. | **TRIM**(text) | ![](https://cdn.us.document360.io/15548f06-2fba-434c-b0c1-5df88317dbd7/Images/Documentation/link_out_icon(3).png?sv=2026-02-06&spr=https&st=2026-11-07T17%3A57%3A42Z&se=2026-11-07T18%3A57%3A42Z&sr=c&sp=r&sig=iN9G2rh8Hpx9rtQEo5ThQLF6%2FhP5VTMZwmkAxohoFvI%3D) [TRIM](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/trim-function-410388fa-c5df-49c6-b16c-9e5630b479f9) | | TRIMMEAN | Returns the mean by excluding data points from the top and bottom of the dataset. Only interior data points are used. | **TRIMMEAN**(array, percent) | ![](https://cdn.us.document360.io/15548f06-2fba-434c-b0c1-5df88317dbd7/Images/Documentation/link_out_icon(3).png?sv=2026-02-06&spr=https&st=2026-11-07T17%3A57%3A42Z&se=2026-11-07T18%3A57%3A42Z&sr=c&sp=r&sig=iN9G2rh8Hpx9rtQEo5ThQLF6%2FhP5VTMZwmkAxohoFvI%3D) [TRIMMEAN](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/trimmean-function-d90c9878-a119-4746-88fa-63d988f511d3) | | TRUE | Returns the value of true. | **TRUE**() | ![](https://cdn.us.document360.io/15548f06-2fba-434c-b0c1-5df88317dbd7/Images/Documentation/link_out_icon(3).png?sv=2026-02-06&spr=https&st=2026-11-07T17%3A57%3A42Z&se=2026-11-07T18%3A57%3A42Z&sr=c&sp=r&sig=iN9G2rh8Hpx9rtQEo5ThQLF6%2FhP5VTMZwmkAxohoFvI%3D) [TRUE](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/true-function-7652c6e3-8987-48d0-97cd-ef223246b3fb) | | TRUNC | Truncates a number into an integer. | **TRUNC**(number, [num_digits]) | ![](https://cdn.us.document360.io/15548f06-2fba-434c-b0c1-5df88317dbd7/Images/Documentation/link_out_icon(3).png?sv=2026-02-06&spr=https&st=2026-11-07T17%3A57%3A42Z&se=2026-11-07T18%3A57%3A42Z&sr=c&sp=r&sig=iN9G2rh8Hpx9rtQEo5ThQLF6%2FhP5VTMZwmkAxohoFvI%3D) [TRUNC](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/trunc-function-8b86a64c-3127-43db-ba14-aa5ceb292721) | ## U-V | [A](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#A) | [B](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#B) | [C](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#C) | [D](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#D) | [E](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#E) | [F](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#F) | [G](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#G) | [H](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#H) | [I](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#I) | J | [K](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#K-L) | [L](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#K-L) | [M](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#M) | [N](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#N-O) | [O](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#N-O) | [P](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#P) | [Q](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#Q-R) | [R](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#Q-R) | [S](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#S) | [T](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#T) | [U](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#U-V) | [V](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#U-V) | [W](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#W-Y) | [X](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#W-Y) | [Y](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#W-Y) | Z | Formula | Description | Syntax | Reference | | --- | --- | --- | --- | | UNICHAR | Returns the **Unicode** character that is referenced by the specified numeric value. | **UNICHAR**(number) | ![](https://cdn.us.document360.io/15548f06-2fba-434c-b0c1-5df88317dbd7/Images/Documentation/link_out_icon(3).png?sv=2026-02-06&spr=https&st=2026-11-07T17%3A57%3A42Z&se=2026-11-07T18%3A57%3A42Z&sr=c&sp=r&sig=iN9G2rh8Hpx9rtQEo5ThQLF6%2FhP5VTMZwmkAxohoFvI%3D) [UNICHAR](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/unichar-function-ffeb64f5-f131-44c6-b332-5cd72f0659b8) | | UNICODE | Returns the number (code point) that corresponds to the first character of the text. | **UNICODE**(text) | ![](https://cdn.us.document360.io/15548f06-2fba-434c-b0c1-5df88317dbd7/Images/Documentation/link_out_icon(3).png?sv=2026-02-06&spr=https&st=2026-11-07T17%3A57%3A42Z&se=2026-11-07T18%3A57%3A42Z&sr=c&sp=r&sig=iN9G2rh8Hpx9rtQEo5ThQLF6%2FhP5VTMZwmkAxohoFvI%3D) [UNICODE](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/unicode-function-adb74aaa-a2a5-4dde-aff6-966e4e81f16f) | | UNIQUE | Returns a list of distinct values in a list or range. | **UNIQUE**(value1, [value2], ...) | ![](https://cdn.us.document360.io/15548f06-2fba-434c-b0c1-5df88317dbd7/Images/Documentation/link_out_icon(3).png?sv=2026-02-06&spr=https&st=2026-11-07T17%3A57%3A42Z&se=2026-11-07T18%3A57%3A42Z&sr=c&sp=r&sig=iN9G2rh8Hpx9rtQEo5ThQLF6%2FhP5VTMZwmkAxohoFvI%3D) [UNIQUE](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/unique-function-c5ab87fd-30a3-4ce9-9d1a-40204fb85e1e) | | UPPER | Returns text converted to uppercase. | **UPPER**(text) | ![](https://cdn.us.document360.io/15548f06-2fba-434c-b0c1-5df88317dbd7/Images/Documentation/link_out_icon(3).png?sv=2026-02-06&spr=https&st=2026-11-07T17%3A57%3A42Z&se=2026-11-07T18%3A57%3A42Z&sr=c&sp=r&sig=iN9G2rh8Hpx9rtQEo5ThQLF6%2FhP5VTMZwmkAxohoFvI%3D) [UPPER](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/upper-function-c11f29b3-d1a3-4537-8df6-04d0049963d6) | | VALUE | Converts text to a value. | **VALUE**(text) | ![](https://cdn.us.document360.io/15548f06-2fba-434c-b0c1-5df88317dbd7/Images/Documentation/link_out_icon(3).png?sv=2026-02-06&spr=https&st=2026-11-07T17%3A57%3A42Z&se=2026-11-07T18%3A57%3A42Z&sr=c&sp=r&sig=iN9G2rh8Hpx9rtQEo5ThQLF6%2FhP5VTMZwmkAxohoFvI%3D) [VALUE](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/value-function-257d0108-07dc-437d-ae1c-bc2d3953d8c2) | | VAR.P | Calculates variance based on the entire population. | **VAR.P**(number1,[number2],...) | ![](https://cdn.us.document360.io/15548f06-2fba-434c-b0c1-5df88317dbd7/Images/Documentation/link_out_icon(3).png?sv=2026-02-06&spr=https&st=2026-11-07T17%3A57%3A42Z&se=2026-11-07T18%3A57%3A42Z&sr=c&sp=r&sig=iN9G2rh8Hpx9rtQEo5ThQLF6%2FhP5VTMZwmkAxohoFvI%3D) [VAR.P](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/var-p-function-73d1285c-108c-4843-ba5d-a51f90656f3a) | | VAR.S | Estimates the variance based on a sample. | **VAR.S**(number1,[number2],...) | ![](https://cdn.us.document360.io/15548f06-2fba-434c-b0c1-5df88317dbd7/Images/Documentation/link_out_icon(3).png?sv=2026-02-06&spr=https&st=2026-11-07T17%3A57%3A42Z&se=2026-11-07T18%3A57%3A42Z&sr=c&sp=r&sig=iN9G2rh8Hpx9rtQEo5ThQLF6%2FhP5VTMZwmkAxohoFvI%3D) [VAR.S](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/var-s-function-913633de-136b-449d-813e-65a00b2b990b) | | VARA | Estimates variance based on a sample, including numbers, text, and logical values. | **VARA**(number1,[number2],...) | ![](https://cdn.us.document360.io/15548f06-2fba-434c-b0c1-5df88317dbd7/Images/Documentation/link_out_icon(3).png?sv=2026-02-06&spr=https&st=2026-11-07T17%3A57%3A42Z&se=2026-11-07T18%3A57%3A42Z&sr=c&sp=r&sig=iN9G2rh8Hpx9rtQEo5ThQLF6%2FhP5VTMZwmkAxohoFvI%3D) [VARA](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/vara-function-3de77469-fa3a-47b4-85fd-81758a1e1d07) | | VARP | Calculates variance based on the entire population. | **VARP**(number1,[number2],...) | ![](https://cdn.us.document360.io/15548f06-2fba-434c-b0c1-5df88317dbd7/Images/Documentation/link_out_icon(3).png?sv=2026-02-06&spr=https&st=2026-11-07T17%3A57%3A42Z&se=2026-11-07T18%3A57%3A42Z&sr=c&sp=r&sig=iN9G2rh8Hpx9rtQEo5ThQLF6%2FhP5VTMZwmkAxohoFvI%3D) [VARP](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/varp-function-26a541c4-ecee-464d-a731-bd4c575b1a6b) | | VARPA | Calculates the variance of a population based on numbers, text, and logical values. | **VARPA**(number1,[number2],...) | ![](https://cdn.us.document360.io/15548f06-2fba-434c-b0c1-5df88317dbd7/Images/Documentation/link_out_icon(3).png?sv=2026-02-06&spr=https&st=2026-11-07T17%3A57%3A42Z&se=2026-11-07T18%3A57%3A42Z&sr=c&sp=r&sig=iN9G2rh8Hpx9rtQEo5ThQLF6%2FhP5VTMZwmkAxohoFvI%3D) [VARPA](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/varpa-function-59a62635-4e89-4fad-88ac-ce4dc0513b96) | ## W-Y | [A](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#A) | [B](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#B) | [C](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#C) | [D](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#D) | [E](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#E) | [F](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#F) | [G](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#G) | [H](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#H) | [I](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#I) | J | [K](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#K-L) | [L](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#K-L) | [M](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#M) | [N](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#N-O) | [O](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#N-O) | [P](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#P) | [Q](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#Q-R) | [R](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#Q-R) | [S](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#S) | [T](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#T) | [U](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#U-V) | [V](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#U-V) | [W](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#W-Y) | [X](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#W-Y) | [Y](/v1/docs/excel-formulas#W-Y) | Z | Formula | Description | Syntax | Reference | | --- | --- | --- | --- | | WEEKDAY | Converts a serial number to a day of the week. | **WEEKDAY**(serial_number,[return_type]) | ![](https://cdn.us.document360.io/15548f06-2fba-434c-b0c1-5df88317dbd7/Images/Documentation/link_out_icon(3).png?sv=2026-02-06&spr=https&st=2026-11-07T17%3A57%3A42Z&se=2026-11-07T18%3A57%3A42Z&sr=c&sp=r&sig=iN9G2rh8Hpx9rtQEo5ThQLF6%2FhP5VTMZwmkAxohoFvI%3D) [WEEKDAY](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/weekday-function-60e44483-2ed1-439f-8bd0-e404c190949a) | | WEEKNUM | Converts a serial number to a number that indicates the week of the year. | **WEEKNUM**(serial_number,[return_type) | ![](https://cdn.us.document360.io/15548f06-2fba-434c-b0c1-5df88317dbd7/Images/Documentation/link_out_icon(3).png?sv=2026-02-06&spr=https&st=2026-11-07T17%3A57%3A42Z&se=2026-11-07T18%3A57%3A42Z&sr=c&sp=r&sig=iN9G2rh8Hpx9rtQEo5ThQLF6%2FhP5VTMZwmkAxohoFvI%3D) [WEEKNUM](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/weeknum-function-e5c43a03-b4ab-426c-b411-b18c13c75340) | | WEIBULL.DIST | Calculates variance based on the entire population, including numbers, text, and logical values | **WEIBULL.DIST**(x,alpha,beta,[cumulative]) | ![](https://cdn.us.document360.io/15548f06-2fba-434c-b0c1-5df88317dbd7/Images/Documentation/link_out_icon(3).png?sv=2026-02-06&spr=https&st=2026-11-07T17%3A57%3A42Z&se=2026-11-07T18%3A57%3A42Z&sr=c&sp=r&sig=iN9G2rh8Hpx9rtQEo5ThQLF6%2FhP5VTMZwmkAxohoFvI%3D) [WEIBULL.DIST](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/weibull-dist-function-4e783c39-9325-49be-bbc9-a83ef82b45db) | | WEIBULLDIST | Returns the **Weibull** distribution. | **WEIBULLDIST**(x,alpha,beta,[cumulative]) | ![](https://cdn.us.document360.io/15548f06-2fba-434c-b0c1-5df88317dbd7/Images/Documentation/link_out_icon(3).png?sv=2026-02-06&spr=https&st=2026-11-07T17%3A57%3A42Z&se=2026-11-07T18%3A57%3A42Z&sr=c&sp=r&sig=iN9G2rh8Hpx9rtQEo5ThQLF6%2FhP5VTMZwmkAxohoFvI%3D) [WEIBULLDIST](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/weibull-dist-function-4e783c39-9325-49be-bbc9-a83ef82b45db) | | WORKDAY | Returns a serial number for a date that is a specified number of working days in the future or past. | **WORKDAY**(start_date, days, [holidays]]) | ![](https://cdn.us.document360.io/15548f06-2fba-434c-b0c1-5df88317dbd7/Images/Documentation/link_out_icon(3).png?sv=2026-02-06&spr=https&st=2026-11-07T17%3A57%3A42Z&se=2026-11-07T18%3A57%3A42Z&sr=c&sp=r&sig=iN9G2rh8Hpx9rtQEo5ThQLF6%2FhP5VTMZwmkAxohoFvI%3D) [WORKDAY](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/workday-function-f764a5b7-05fc-4494-9486-60d494efbf33) | | XNPV | Calculates the net present value for a schedule of cash flows that are not periodic. | **XNPV**(rate, values, dates) | ![](https://cdn.us.document360.io/15548f06-2fba-434c-b0c1-5df88317dbd7/Images/Documentation/link_out_icon(3).png?sv=2026-02-06&spr=https&st=2026-11-07T17%3A57%3A42Z&se=2026-11-07T18%3A57%3A42Z&sr=c&sp=r&sig=iN9G2rh8Hpx9rtQEo5ThQLF6%2FhP5VTMZwmkAxohoFvI%3D) [XNPV](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/xnpv-function-1b42bbf6-370f-4532-a0eb-d67c16b664b7) | | XOR | Performs an **Exclusive Or** operation. Using two logical statements, it returns true if either statement is **true**. It returns false if both statements are **true**. | **XOR**(logical1, [logical2],…) | ![](https://cdn.us.document360.io/15548f06-2fba-434c-b0c1-5df88317dbd7/Images/Documentation/link_out_icon(3).png?sv=2026-02-06&spr=https&st=2026-11-07T17%3A57%3A42Z&se=2026-11-07T18%3A57%3A42Z&sr=c&sp=r&sig=iN9G2rh8Hpx9rtQEo5ThQLF6%2FhP5VTMZwmkAxohoFvI%3D) [XOR](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/xor-function-1548d4c2-5e47-4f77-9a92-0533bba14f37) | | YEAR | Returns the year as a number according to the internal calculation rules. | **YEAR**(serial_number) | ![](https://cdn.us.document360.io/15548f06-2fba-434c-b0c1-5df88317dbd7/Images/Documentation/link_out_icon(3).png?sv=2026-02-06&spr=https&st=2026-11-07T17%3A57%3A42Z&se=2026-11-07T18%3A57%3A42Z&sr=c&sp=r&sig=iN9G2rh8Hpx9rtQEo5ThQLF6%2FhP5VTMZwmkAxohoFvI%3D) [YEAR](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/year-function-c64f017a-1354-490d-981f-578e8ec8d3b9) | | YEARFRAC | Calculates the difference between two date values, in fraction of years. | **YEARFRAC**(start_date, end_date, [basis]) | ![](https://cdn.us.document360.io/15548f06-2fba-434c-b0c1-5df88317dbd7/Images/Documentation/link_out_icon(3).png?sv=2026-02-06&spr=https&st=2026-11-07T17%3A57%3A42Z&se=2026-11-07T18%3A57%3A42Z&sr=c&sp=r&sig=iN9G2rh8Hpx9rtQEo5ThQLF6%2FhP5VTMZwmkAxohoFvI%3D) [YEARFRAC](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/yearfrac-function-3844141e-c76d-4143-82b6-208454ddc6a8) |